1、Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings:Best Practices GuideThis publication was developed under ASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and is not a consensus document. This publication was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 132.PMP Best Practices Project Commi
2、tteeJames BochatChairWaterHywel DaviesVice ChairEnergySteve BeckIEQ/IAQJames HessEnergyHoy BohanonIEQ/IAQThomas MeyerEnergyEd ArensIEQ/Thermal ComfortSteve BruningEnergyCurt EichelbergerIEQ/AcousticsGregory M. DobbsEnergy and IEQ/IAQErnest ConradBOMARichard HeinischIEQ/Lighting/DaylightingLilas Prat
3、tASHRAE Staff LiaisonHyman (Hy) KaplanIEQ/Lighting/DaylightingBert EtheredgeASHRAE Staff SupportBruce HunnTechnical ConsultantCognizant Committee: Building Performance Metrics (BPM) MTGUpdates/errata for this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.Perf
4、ormance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings:Best Practices GuideISBN 978-1-936504-34-3 2012 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Cover design by Tracy Becker.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHR
5、AE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, pro-cedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product,
6、 service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed
7、by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
8、transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photo-copying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPerformance measurement protocols for commercial
9、buildngs : best practices guide.pages ; cmComplements: Performance measurement protocols for commercial buildings, 2010.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-1-936504-34-3 (softcover : alk. paper)1. Buildings-Performance-Measurement-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Commercial buildings-Evaluation-
10、Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. II. Performance measurement protocols for commercial buildings. TH453.P464 2012658.2-dc232012030313ASHRAE STAFF SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special Publi
11、cationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorRoberta Hirschbuehler, Assistant EditorSarah Boyle, Editorial AssistantMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICES David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJa
12、yne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPUBLISHER W. Stephen ComstockExecutive Summary ixPurpose and Scope ixSummary of Evaluation, Measurement, and Improvement Procedures at Three Levels xBasic Evaluation Level xDiagnostic Measurement Level xiAdvanced Analysis
13、 Level xiiiPreface xvBackground xvPurpose, Scope, and Intended Users xviGetting Started xviiChapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1Evaluation, Measurement, and Improvement Procedure 1Evaluation, Measurement, and Improvement Plan 2Process for Evaluation, Measurement, and Improvement 2Benchmarking 3Tool
14、s and Aids 3How Commissioning Relates to Performance Measurement and Improvement 3Differentiating Levels of Performance 8Accuracy, Cost, and Resource Requirements 8Basic Evaluation Level (Indicative) 9Diagnostic Measurement Level (Diagnostic) 9Advanced Analysis Level (Investigative) 10Whats Ahead in
15、 this Guide 12Chapter 2 Basic Evaluation Procedures 15Introduction 15Energy 18Introduction 18Performance Measurement Procedure 18Tools and Aids 30Water 30Introduction 30Performance Measurement Procedure 31Tools and Aids 35Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 35Introduction 35Performance Measurement Pr
16、ocedure 37Tools and Aids 54ContentsPerformance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings: Best Practices GuideviChapter 3 Diagnostic Measurement Procedures 55Energy 55Introduction 55Performance Measurement Procedure 55Tools and Aids 63Water 64Introduction 64Performance Measurement Procedure 64T
17、ools and Aids 67IEQ Thermal Comfort 68Introduction 68Performance Measurement Procedure 68Tools and Aids 75IEQ Indoor Air Quality 75Introduction 75Performance Measurement Procedure 75Tools and Aids 78IEQ Lighting/Daylighting 79Introduction 79Performance Measurement Procedure 79Tools and Aids 84IEQ Ac
18、oustics 84Introduction 84Performance Measurement Procedure 84Tools and Aids 91Chapter 4 Advanced Analysis Procedures 93Energy 93Introduction 93Performance Measurement Procedure 94Tools and Aids 99Water 99Introduction 99Performance Measurement Procedure 100Tools and Aids 106IEQ Thermal Comfort 106Int
19、roduction 106Performance Measurement Procedure 107Tools and Aids 116IEQ Indoor Air Quality 117Introduction 117Performance Measurement Procedure 117Tools and Aids 119IEQ Lighting/Daylighting 119Introduction 119Performance Measurement Procedure 120Tools and Aids 122ContentsviiIEQ Acoustics 122Introduc
20、tion 122Performance Measurement Procedure 123Tools and Aids 125Appendix A Basic Evaluation General Forms Workbook 127Appendix B Performance Measurement Report Template 139Appendix C Occupant IEQ Survey 141Appendix D Energy Verification Workbook 165Appendix E Energy Advanced Analysis Examples 171Exam
21、ple 1Review of Operation of DOAS with Energy Recovery for a Large State Government Office Building 173Key Point 173Overview 173Measurement and Analysis Plan Description 174Observations 175Recommended Corrective Actions 179Example 2Review of 75 ton PRTU Economizer Operation for a Small Commercial Off
22、ice Building 183Key Point 183Overview 183Measurement and Analysis Plan Description 183Observations 183Recommended Corrective Actions 188Appendix F Water Verification Workbook 189Worksheets and Charts on the Workbooks and Resources CD 190Water Definitions 194Supporting Charts and Tables 195Appendix G
23、 Instruments for Thermal Comfort Measurements 197Instruments for Physical Measurements 197Software for Physical Measurements 201Appendix H Additional Resources for IAQ 203Building Airflow Models 203Types of Models 203Computational Fluid Dynamics 203Network Models 204Uses of Airflow Models 204Smoke C
24、ontrol Systems 204Buoyancy-Driven Flows 204Life-Safety Systems 205Environmental Monitoring Appendix from Indoor Air Quality Guide 205Excerpt 205Appendix I Lighting/Daylighting Workbook and Resources 211Worksheets on the Workbooks and Resources CD 212Supporting Information 218Recommended Illuminance
25、Levels in Typical Space Types 218Equipment Used in Lighting/Daylighting Measurements 218Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings: Best Practices GuideviiiAppendix J Acoustics Verification Workbook and Resources 221Diagnostic Measurement 221Instruments for Physical Measurements 221S
26、ound Level Measurements Examples 211Simplified Method to Evaluate Room Reverberation Time (T60)2Simplified Evaluation of Office Speech Privacy 223Advanced Analysis 225Instruments for Physical Measurements 225Advanced Data Collection Examples 226Acronyms 231References 233In 2010, ASHRAE published Per
27、formance Measurement Protocols for Com-mercial Buildings (2010a), which describes what to measure, how it is to be mea-sured, and how often it is to be measured to quantitatively assess the performance of commercial buildings. This follow-on book is a working guide to help users implement the protoc
28、ols outlined in Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings by providing tools and techniques for measuring, manag-ing, and improving the performance of a facility, as demonstrated by its energy and water use and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Thus, it provides best prac-tices fo
29、r facility managers and operators to evaluate and improve the performance of commercial buildings throughout their service life. It is also intended to support integrated commissioning (Cx), as implemented in the existing building commis-sioning (EBCx) process, and all activities of the buildings op
30、eration and mainte-nance team.This Guide presents step-by-step procedures at three process levels of perfor-mance, which are intended to match the level of cost and intensity of effort for a range of types and sizes of facilities: Basic Evaluation is the basic, indicative level that uses observation
31、s of building characteristics, perceptions of occupants, and data from utility bills to characterize performance.Diagnostic Measurement is the intermediate, diagnostic level that uses physical measurements to diagnose problems indicated at the Basic Evaluation level and to characterize performance r
32、elative to physical standards so as to identify how performance can be improved.Advanced Analysis is the advanced, investigative level using the results of the first two levels plus the results of professional investigative pro-cesses to characterize performance and identify specific actions for per
33、-formance improvement.This Guide covers all facility energy-using systems, water-using systems, and systems that affect IEQ, as well as the measurement and operating techniques for energy and water conservation and IEQ improvement. It provides guidance, tools, and aids for building facility mangers,
34、 operators, technicians and consultants to continuously monitor and improve facility performance. The appendices include measurement and instrumentation specifics, detailed procedures, and examples of forms, worksheets, and checklists. The standardized forms, worksheets, and PURPOSE AND SCOPEExecuti
35、ve SummaryxPerformance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings: Best Practices Guidechecklists are also available in MicrosoftExcelformat on the Workbooks and Resources CD that accompanies this Guide to simplify, facilitate, and expedite the evaluation, measurement, and improvement procedures
36、. Presentation of the evaluation, measurement, and improvement procedures begins in Chapter 1 with an introduction and overview of the process that applies at the three levels. Each level starts with the development of a plan then proceeds to a seven-step procedure (beginning with a flowchart) to im
37、plement that plan for the six measure categories of energy, water, thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting/daylighting, and acoustics: 1. Collect building data 2. Conduct performance observation, measurement, and analysis3. Conduct performance comparison (benchmarking)4. Identify issues
38、needing correction and take corrective actions 5. Remeasure performance6. Compare new performance to past performance7. Report resultsThe Basic Evaluation procedure is largely common to all six measure catego-ries, with some items specific to each category. The reader should begin by apply-ing this
39、procedure for all categories to determine a baseline performance and to identify whether and where performance improvement should be pursued. The Diagnostic Measurement procedures will then identify what measurements should be taken to identify specific performance improvement opportunities. Finally
40、, as indicated by results of the diagnostic measurements, specialists with particular expertise are engaged, as necessary, to conduct the investigative procedures in the Advanced Analysis.The Cx process is described in Chapter 1 of this Guide and includes a descrip-tion of how the steps in the books
41、 performance measurement process relate to the phases of EBCx. Notes to the Cx team are interspersed throughout the Guide to provide guidance at each step. BASIC EVALUATION LEVELChapter 2 presents the step-by-step Basic Evaluation procedures for energy and water, followed by the procedures for all f
42、our IEQ categories (thermal com-fort, IAQ, lighting/daylighting, and acoustics). Figure 2-1 provides an overview of the Basic Evaluation level by category.Each section is structured with an introduction, a description of the perfor-mance measurement procedure, and a list of tools and aids. Standard
43、reports and display graphs are also presented for each category.For energy the goal at this level is to reduce energy consumption and cost through the elimination of wasted energy and the improvement of system and equipment operation. Measurement focuses on energy bill analysis and a facility walk-t
44、hrough inspection (ASHRAE Level I energy audit ASHRAE 2011a) to identify obvious energy waste and low-cost or no-cost improvements; no addi-tional measurements are conducted. This level does not require an outside special-ist or professional but can be performed by building personnel with the steps
45、and tools provided in this Guide.SUMMARY OF EVALUATION, MEASUREMENT, AND IMPROVEMENT PROCEDURES AT THREE LEVELSExecutive SummaryxiAt this level, better water performance is achieved by eliminating water leaks or wasted usage, by improving the efficiency of plumbing fixtures, and by reduc-ing the wat
46、er used for landscaping. Utility water meters are used to verify perfor-mance.For IEQ, recommended activities provide building personnel with advice and tools for determining whether perceived IEQ is adequate and whether there are deficiencies that can be corrected without the need for physical meas
47、urements. However, in certain situations the reader will be directed to the Diagnostic Mea-surement and/or Advanced Analysis level where, with some exceptions, the ser-vices of an IEQ professional are needed. A discussion of the complexities of environmental factors and their interactions is include
48、d.Because many of the recommended activities are common to all four IEQ cat-egories, they are presented in general terms, with specific reference to aspects that are unique to each category. Evaluation activities include occupant surveys and field observations, presented for each of the IEQ categori
49、es. Field observations are gathered via a building walk-through. Walk-through checklists with recommended corrective actions are shown in Appendix A and included in the Basic Evaluation General Forms Workbook on the Workbooks and Resources CD.DIAGNOSTIC MEASUREMENT LEVELChapter 3 presents the step-by-step procedure at the Diagnostic Measurement level. Energy performance measurements include submetering of major end uses and specific components, along with the equivalent of an ASHRAE Level II energy audit (ASHRAE 2011a). Data is analyzed ove
