1、33.1CHAPTER 33PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALSALUES in the following tables are in consistent units toVassist the engineer looking for approximate values. For dataon refrigerants, see Chapter 29; for secondary coolants, seeChapter 31. Chapter 26 gives more information on the values formaterials used
2、 in building construction and insulation. Manyproperties vary with temperature, material density, and composi-tion. The references document the source of the values and pro-vide more detail or values for materials not listed here. Thepreparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 1.3, Heat Transferan
3、d Fluid Flow. Table 1 Properties of VaporMaterialRelativeMolecular MassNormalBoilingPoint, CCriticalTemperature,CCriticalPressure,kPaDensity,kg/m3SpecificHeat,J/(kg K)ThermalConductivity,W/(m K)Viscosity, PasAlcohol, Ethyl 46.07a78.6a243.2b6394b1520j0.013a14.2j(289)Alcohol, Methyl 32.04a65.0a240.1b7
4、977b1350j0.0301r14.8j(272)Ammonia 17.03a33.2a132.6b11 300b7.72b2200aa0.0221b9.30aaArgon 39.948a185.9* 122.5* 4 860b1.785b523c0.016a21.0aAcetylene 26.04a83.7a36.1b6280b1.17b1580a0.0187b9.34aBenzene 78.11a80.2a289.6d4924d2.68e(80) 1300e(80) 0.0071e7.0aBromine 159.82a58.8a58.8d10 340d6.1f(59) 230f(100)
5、 0.0061a17aButane 58.12a0.5a152.1d3797d2.69g1580aa0.014a7.0aCarbon dioxide 44.01a78.5a31.1d7384d1.97g840g0.015a14hCarbon disulfide 76.13h46.3h278.9h7212h599.0p(27)Carbon monoxide 28.01a191.5a140.3d3500d1.25d1100f0.0230a17aCarbon tetrachloride 153.84g76.6h283.3h4560h862q(27) 16.0jChlorine 70.91a34.7a
6、144.1d7710d3.22d490a0.0080a12aChloroform 119.39h61.8h263.4h5470h528j0.014r16jEthyl chloride 64.52h12.4h187.3h5270h2.872b1780r0.00872j16.0qEthylene 28.03h103.7h10.0h5120h1.25b1470aa0.0176aa9.60aaEthyl ether 74.12h34.7h192.7h3610h2470h(35) 11.3qFluorine 38.00h187.0h129.2h5580h1.637b812j0.0254j37jHeliu
7、m 4.0026a269.0i267.9h229i0.178i5192aa0.142aa19.0aaHydrogen 2.0159a253.1i240.0i1316i0.0900i14 200j0.168aa8.40aaHydrogen chloride 36.461a84.9a51.4d8260d1.640b800j0.0131j13.3jHydrogen sulfide 34.080a60.8a100.4d9012d1.54b996j0.0130j11.6jHeptane (m) 100.21a98.5a266.8b2720b3.4k1990j0.0185j7.00jHexane (m)
8、86.18a66.9a234.8d3030d3.4k1880j0.0168j7.52jIsobutane 58.12f11.6* 135.1j3648j2.47s(21) 1570aa0.014aa6.94aaMethane 16.04a164.0a81.8j4641b0.718b2180aa0.0310aa10.3aaMethyl chloride 50.49a24.3a143.2j6678b2.307b770aa0.0093aa10.1aaNaphthalene 128.19a218.0* 469.1j3972j1310q(25)Neon 20.183a247.0a228.8j2698j1
9、030aa0.0464aa30.0aaNitric oxide 30.01a152.0a92.9j6546j996j29.4jNitrogen 28.01a195.8a146.9j3394b1040j0.0240aa16.6aaNitrous oxide 44.01a88.5a36.4j7235j850j0.01731j (26.8) 22.4jNitrogen tetroxide 92.02a158.3j10 133j842p(27) 0.0401r(55)Oxygen 31.9977* 183.0a118.6* 5 043* 913j0.0244aa19.1aan-Pentane 72.5
10、3a36.1* 196.7j3375j1680a(27) 0.0152j(26.8) 11.7jPhenol 74.11b181.4b418.9b6130b2.6k1400k0.017k12kPropane 44.09g42.1g96.7* 4 248* 2.02g1571j(4.5) 0.015j7.40jPropylene 42.08b47.7l91.8l4622l1.92l1460aa0.014aa8.06aaSulfur dioxide 64.06b10.0b156.9b7874b2.93b607l0.0085j11.6jWater vapor 18.02b100.0m374.0* 2
11、2 064* 0.598m2050aa0.0247m12.1aa*Data source unknown. Notes: 1. Properties at 101.325 kPa and 0C, or the saturation temperature if higher than 0C, unless otherwise noted in parentheses.2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.33.2 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals (SI)T
12、able 2 Properties of LiquidsName orDescriptionNormal Boiling Point, C at 101.325 kPaEnthalpyofVaporiza-tion,kJ/kgSpecific Heat,cpViscosityEnthalpy ofFusion, kJ/kgDensityThermalConductivityVaporPressureFreezing Point,CJ/ (kgK)Temp., C PasTemp., C kg/m3Temp., CW/ (mK)Temp., C kPaTemp., CAcetic acid 11
13、8.6a405.0b2180b26 to 95 1 222f20 195b1049a20 0.17b20 53.3a99 16.7aAcetone 56.3a532.4b2150b3 to 23 331f20 98.0b791a20 0.1761b30 53.3a40 95.4aAllyl alcohol 97.1a684.1b2740b21 to 96 1 363f20 853.9a20 0.180b25 to 30 53.3a80 129.0an-Amyl alcohol 138.2i503.1b4004f23 112b817.9f15 0.16b30 13.3a86 79.0aAmmon
14、ia 33.2a1357b4601b026f33 322.40b696.8b45 0.50b15 to 30 53.3a45 77.8aAlcohol-ethyl 78.6a854.8b2840b0 to 98 1 194f20 108b789.2a20 0.182b20 13.3a35 117.3aAlcohol-methyl 65.0a1100b2510b15 to 20 592.8f20 99.3a791.3a20 0.215b20 13.3a21 97.8aAniline 184.4a434.0b2140b8 to 82 4 467.0f20 114b1021a20 0.173b2 t
15、o 20 1.3a69 6.2aBenzene 80.2a394.0h1720h20 653a20 126h879d20 0.147h20 10d20 5.9aBromine 58.8a185d448f20 988a20 66.30d3119f20 0.122a25 22.0d20 7.2an-Butyl alcohol 117.6a591.5h2350f20 2950f20 125b811a20 0.15h20 0.7d20 90.2an-Butyric acid 163.6a504.7h2150f20 1 540a20 126a964a20 0.16h12 0.09d20 6.2aCalc
16、ium chloride brine (20% by mass)3110i20 2 000i20 1180i20 0.574i20 16.2iCarbon disulfide 46.3a346.1h1000i20 360a20 57.70d1260d20 0.16b30 39.3d20 111.2aCarbontetrachloride76.7a195h842f20 967a20 29.80d1590d20 0.11j20 12d20 22.8aChloroform 61.3v247v980v20 562v20 1489v20 0.13v20 21.3v20 63.3vn-Decane 174
17、.1b2000b20 202b730b20 0.15b20 0.17b20 29.8bEthyl ether 34.5v351v2260v20 230v20 98.60v714.6v20 0.14b20 58.7v20 116.3vEthyl acetate 77.2v427.5v1950v20 451v20 119b838v20 0.175b20 9.6b20 82.4vEthyl chloride 12.4j385.9f(20) 1540f0 69.04a897.8a20 0.310f1 53.3y12 136.4aEthyl iodide 72.3a191f(71) 1540f0 9.9
18、0f20 1935.8a20 0.370f30 13.3y18 108.0*Ethylene bromide 131.6a231f(99) 729f20 28.7f20 57.73a2179.3a20 1.3y19 9.6aEthylene chloride 83.6a365.8f(153) 1260f20 14.0f20 88.43a1235a20 8.0y18 35.4aEthylene glycol 198.1a800.1f(344) 181.10a1109a20 0.173f20 0.1y53 10.8aFormic acid 99.8a502.0f(216) 2200f20 29.7
19、f20 276.54a1219a20 0.180a2 5.3y23 7.4aGlycerin(glycerol)179.9* 17 800f20 1261a20 0.195a20 0.1a51 18.9aHeptane 97.5a321f2220j20 409a20 140b684a20 0.128j20 4.73y20 92.2aHexane 65.9a337f2250j20 320d20 150b658a20 0.125j20 16.00y20 96.2aHydrogen chloride 85.9a444f54.9f1190db.p. 115.8aIsobutyl alcohol 107
20、.1a579f486f20 3 910f20 801f20 0.14f20 1.3y20 109.0aKerosene 204 to 293b2000n20 2 480b20 820a20 0.15n20Linseed oil 42 900b20 920d20 24.9aMethyl acetate 56.1a412f1950f20 389f20 971a20 0.16f20 22.64y20 99.2aMethyl iodide 41.6a192f500f20 2270a20 42.7y20 67.5aNaphthalene 209.8a316f1680fm.p. 901bm.p. 151b
21、976ym.p. 0.291b20 79.3aNitric acid 85.1v628v1700v20 910k20 166v1512v20 0.28v20 0.236v20 42.7vNitrobenzene 209.9b330b1450b20 2 150b20 93.69v1200b20 1.7b20 0.001b20 4.8bOctane 124.8b306.3b2100b20 562b20 180.70b703b20 0.15b20 0.056b20 57.5bPetroleum 230 to 384w2000 to 3000w20 7900 to 1.2106w20 640 to 1
22、000w20n-Pentane 35.1a357.3h2330h20 226d20 117h626a20 0.11h20 56.7d20 130.8aPropionic acid 140.2a413.6f1980h20 1 102a20 992a20 0.173* 12 0.4d20 21.8aSodium chloride brine20% by mass 103.9a3110x20 1 570x20 1150x20 0.583x20 0.076x20 17.4x10% by mass 100.9a3620x20 1 180x20 1070x20 0.593x20 0.087x20 7.4x
23、Sodium hydroxide and water(15% by mass) 100.7v3610b20 1150b20 22.0bSulfuric acid and water100% by mass 286.8v1400b20 22 000b20 1833v20 0.001b20 9.6b95% by mass 300.9v1460v20 21 000v20 1836v20 0.001v20 29.2v90% by mass 259.1v1600v20 25 000v20 1816v20 0.38b20 0.001v20 10.5vToluene (C6H5CH3) 108.9b363b
24、1690v20 587v20 71.90b867b20 0.16b20 0.12b20 96.0bTurpentine 148.9a286v1700b20 546b20 863b20 0.13b20Water 100.0* 2257m4180m20 988m20 333.8b998.20m20 0.602m20 2.34* 20 1.0mXylene C6H4(CH3)2Ortho 142.9b347b1720b20 831b20 128b881b20 1.6b20 0.0260b20 26.2bMeta 137.9b342b1670b20 628b20 109b867b01.6b20 0.0
25、290b20 48.2bPara 136.9b340b1640b20 670b20 161b862b20 0.0300b20 11.9bZinc sulfate and water10% by mass 3700b20 1 570a20 1110r20 0.583a20 2.3a1% by mass 3300b20 1 100a20 1010r20 0.598a20 1.2a*Data source unknown.Approximate solidification temperature.Notes: Superscript letters indicate data source fro
26、m the References section.m.p. = melting point b.p. = boiling pointPhysical Properties of Materials 33.3Table 3 Properties of SolidsMaterial DescriptionSpecific Heat, J/(kgK)Density,kg/m3Thermal Conductivity, W/(m K)EmissivityRatio Surface ConditionAluminum (alloy 1100) 896b2740u221u0.09nCommercial s
27、heet0.20nHeavily oxidizedAluminum bronze(76% Cu, 22% Zn, 2% Al) 400n8280u100uAsbestos: Fiber 1050b2400u0.170uInsulation 800t580b0.16b0.93b“Paper”Ashes, wood 800t640b0.071b(50)Asphalt 920b2110b0.74bBakelite 1500b1300u17uBell metal 360t(50)Bismuth tin 170* 65.0*Brick, building 800b1970u0.7b0.93*Brass:
28、 Red (85% Cu, 15% Zn) 400u8780u150u0.030bHighly polishedYellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) 400u8310u120u0.033bHighly polishedBronze 435t8490t29d(0)Cadmium 230a8650f92.9b0.02dCarbon (gas retort) 710a0.35b(17) 0.81aCardboard 0.07bCellulose 1300b54t0.057tCement (Portland clinker) 670b1920i0.029iChalk 900t2290t0.8
29、3* 0.34* About 120CCharcoal (wood) 840t240a0.05a(200)Chrome brick 710b3200b1.2bClay 920b1000tCoal 1000b1400t0.17f(0)Coal tars 1500b(40) 1 200b0.1bCoke (petroleum, powdered) 1500b(400) 990b0.95b(400)Concrete (stone) 653b(200) 2 300b0.93bCopper (electrolytic) 390u8910u393u0.072ncommercial, shinyCork (
30、granulated) 2030t86t0.048t(5)Cotton (fiber) 1340u1500u0.042uCryolite (AlF33NaF) 1060b2900bDiamond 616b2420t47tEarth (dry and packed) 1 500t0.064* 0.41*Felt 330b0.05bFireclay brick 829b(100) 1 790t1b(200) 0.75nAt 1000CFluorspar (CaF2)80b3190v1.1vGerman silver (nickel silver) 400u8730u33u0.135nPolishe
31、dGlass: Crown (soda-lime) 750b2470u1.0t(93) 0.94nSmoothFlint (lead) 490b4280u1.4rHeat-resistant 840b2230t1.0t(93)“Wool” 657b52.0t0.038tGold 131u19 350u297t0.02nHighly polishedGraphite: Powder 691* 0.183*Impervious 670u1870u130u0.75nGypsum 1080b1200b0.43b0.903bOn a smooth plateHemp (fiber) 1352.3u150
32、0uIce: 0C 2040t921b2.24b0.95*20C 1950t2.44*Iron: Cast 500v(100) 7 210t47.7b(54) 0.435bFreshly turnedWrought 7 700b60.4b0.94bDull, oxidizedLead 129u11 300u34.8u0.28nGray, oxidizedLeather (sole) 1 000b0.16bLimestone 909b1650b0.93b0.36* to 0.90 At 63 to 193CLinen 0.09bLitharge (lead monoxide) 230b7850b
33、Magnesia: Powdered 980b(100) 796b0.61b(47)Light carbonate 210b0.059bMagnesite brick 930b(100) 2 530b3.8b(204)Magnesium 1000b1730u160u0.55nOxidizedMarble 880b2600b2.6b0.931bLight gray, polishedNickel, polished 440u8890u59.5u0.045nElectroplatedPaints: White lacquer 0.80nWhite enamel 0.91nOn rough plat
34、eBlack lacquer 0.80nBlack shellac 1 000u0.26u0.91n“Matte” finishFlat black lacquer 0.96nAluminum lacquer 0.39nOn rough plate*Data source unknown.Notes: 1. Values are for room temperature unless otherwise noted in parentheses. 2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.33
35、.4 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals (SI)REFERENCESaHandbook of chemistry and physics, 63rd ed. 1982-83. Chemical RubberPublishing Co., Cleveland, OH.bPerry, R.H. Chemical engineers handbook, 2nd ed., 1941, 5th ed., 1973.McGraw-Hill, New York.cTables of thermodynamic and transport properties of air,
36、argon, carbondioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and steam. 1960.Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.dAmerican Institute of Physics handbook, 3rd ed. 1972. McGraw-Hill, NewYork.eOrganick and Studhalter. 1948. Thermodynamic properties of benzene.Chemical Engineering Progress (November):847.
37、fLange. 1972. Handbook of chemistry, rev. 12th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.gASHRAE. 1969. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants.hReid and Sherwood. 1969. The properties of gases and liquids, 2nd ed.McGraw-Hill, New York.iChapter 19, 1993 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.jT.P.R.C. data book. 1966. Thermo
38、physical Properties Research Center, W.Lafayette, IN.kEstimated.lCanjar, L.N., M. Goldman, and H. Marchman. 1951. Thermodynamic prop-erties of propylene. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (May):1183.mASME steam tables. 1967. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NewYork.nMcAdams, W.H. 1954. H
39、eat transmission, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, NewYork.oStull, D.R. 1947. Vapor pressure of pure substances (organic compounds).Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (April):517.pJANAF thermochemical tables. 1965. PB 168 370. National TechnicalInformation Service, Springfield, VA.qPhysical properties of chem
40、ical compounds. 195561. American ChemicalSociety, Washington, D.C.rInternational critical tables of numerical data. 1928. National ResearchCouncil of USA, McGraw-Hill, New York.sMatheson gas data book, 4th ed. 1966. Matheson Company, Inc., EastRutherford, NJ.tBaumeister and Marks. 1967. Standard han
41、dbook for mechanical engi-neers. McGraw-Hill, New York.uMiner and Seastone. Handbook of engineering materials. John Wiley andSons, New York.vKirk and Othmer. 1966. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. InterscienceDivision, John Wiley and Sons, New York.wGouse and Stevens. 1960. Chemical technology o
42、f petroleum, 3rd ed.McGraw-Hill, New York.xSaline water conversion engineering data book. 1955. M.W. Kellogg Co.for U.S. Department of Interior.yTimmermans, J. Physicochemical constants of pure organic compounds,2nd ed. American Elsevier, New York.zWood handbook. 1955. Handbook No. 72. Forest Produc
43、ts Laboratory, U.S.Department of Agriculture.aaASHRAE. 1976. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants.bbLane, G. ed. 1986. Solar heat storage: Latent heat materials, Vol IITech-nology. CRC Press, Chicago.Paper 1300* 930b0.13b0.92bPasted on tinned plateParaffin 1670bb749bb0.24b(0)Plaster 2 110b0.74b
44、(75) 0.91bRoughPlatinum 130u21 470u69.0u0.054bPolishedPorcelain 750* 260u2.2u0.92bGlazedPyrites (copper) 549b4200bPyrites (iron) 569b(69) 4 970vRock Salt 917u2180uRubber, vulcanized: Soft 2000* 1 100t0.1t0.86bRoughHard 1 190t0.16t0.95bGlossySand 800b1520b0.33bSawdust 190b0.05bSilica 1320b2240v1.4t (
45、93)Silver 235u10 500u424u0.02nPolished and at 227CSnow: Freshly fallen 100y0.598tAt 0C 500t2.2tSteel (mild) 500b7830b45.3b0.12nCleanedStone (quarried) 800b1500tTar: Pitch 2500v1100u0.88vBituminous 1 200t0.71uTin 233u7290u64.9u0.06hBright and at 50CTungsten 130u19 400u201u0.032nFilament at 27CWood: H
46、ardwoods 1900/2700b370/1100z0.11/0.255zAsh, white 690z0.172zElm, American 580z0.153zHickory 800zMahogany 550u0.13uMaple, sugar 720z0.187zOak, white 2390b750z0.176z0.90nPlanedWalnut, black 630zSoftwoods See Table 4, Chapter 25350/740z0.11/0.16zFir, white 430z0.12zPine, white 430z0.11zSpruce 420z0.11z
47、Wool: Fiber 1360u1300uFabric 110/330u0.036/0.063uZinc: Cast 390u7130u110u0.05nPolishedHot-rolled 390b7130b110bGalvanizing 0.23nFairly bright*Data source unknown.Notes: 1. Values are for room temperature unless otherwise noted in parentheses. 2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.Table 3 Properties of Solids (Continued)Material DescriptionSpecific Heat, J/(kgK)Density,kg/m3Thermal Conductivity, W/(m K)EmissivityRatio Surface Condition
