1、 Relate Air Quality and Other Factors to Comfort and Health Symptoms Reported by Passengers and Crew on Commercial Transport Aircraft (Part I) (ASHRAE Project 1262-TRP) Prepared by: Chester W. Spicer, Michael J. Murphy, Michael W. Holdren, Jeffrey D. Myers, Ian C. MacGregor, Chris Holloman, Ryan R.
2、James, Karen Tucker, Raymond Zaborski Battelle Science and Technology International 505 King Avenue Columbus, OH 43201-2693 Prepared for: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers 1791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 July, 2004 ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssocia
3、te(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.ii Battelle does not engage in research for advertising, sales promotion, or endorsement of our clients interests including raising investment capital or recommending investments decisions, or other publici
4、ty purposes, or for any use in litigation. Battelle endeavors at all times to produce work of the highest quality, consistent with our contract commitments. However, because of the research and/or experimental nature of this work the client undertakes the sole responsibility for the consequence of a
5、ny use or misuse of, or inability to use, any information, apparatus, process or result obtained from Battelle, and Battelle, its employees, officers, or Trustees have no legal liability for the accuracy, adequacy, or efficacy thereof. ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).Thisdow
6、nloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.iiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Timothy Arnaud and James Skala of Boeing for coordinating and performing the electromagnetic interference testing of our instrument packages. A number of personnel from the p
7、articipating airlines provided valuable and cheerful assistance including G. Andrasovsky, L. Carter, R. Dirsch, J. Kaiser, R. Lederman, D. Odin, M. Smith, and L. Szopinski. Steve Bortnick provided guidance to the study design and statistical analysis aspects of this study, and Charles Aders assisted
8、 with the surveys. We are grateful for their help. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the support and guidance of Michael Vaughan of ASHRAE and the Project Management Subcommittee: Emily Carter, Morton Lippmann (Chair), Janet Macher, Michael Morgan, Charles Ruehle, David Space, Ira Tager, and Charle
9、s Weschler. ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.ivTABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii INTRODUCTION 1 Background 3 Objectives . 7 Literature Survey Update . 8 METHODOLOGY . 9 Study
10、Design 9 Development of Measurement Systems and Procedures 23 Aircraft and Flight Selection 44 Aircraft Access and Boarding 46 RESULTS . 49 Summary of Survey Results . 50 Cabin Environmental Measurements . 52 Bleed Air Measurements . 92 Physiological Measurements 95 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 97 CONCLUSIO
11、NS . 107 REFERENCES . 110 APPENDIX A LITERATURE SURVEY A-1 APPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRES . B-1 APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF PASSENGER RESPONSES TO SURVEY C-1 APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF FLIGHT CREW RESPONSES TO SURVEY . D-1 APPENDIX E STATISTICAL ANALYSIS . E-1 APPENDIX F EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO ESTIMATE SAMPLE SIZE
12、 FOR PART II STUDY F-1 ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.vTABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page TABLES Table 1 Applicable Ambient and Aircraft Air Quality Standards 5 Table 2 Contaminants and Measures of Comfor
13、t and Health 11 Table 3 Environmental Factors and Measures of Comfort and Health 12 Table 4 Aircraft Characteristics and Measures of Comfort and Health . 14 Table 5 Aircraft Characteristics and Contaminants . 14 Table 6 Contaminants and Environmental Variables . 15 Table 7 Human Factors Assessed by
14、Questionnaire 16 Table 8 Sampling Recommendations for Contaminants 18 Table 9 Sampling Recommendations for Environmental Variables 18 Table 10 On-Board Instrumentation Packages . 24 Table 11 Target Parameters for the Pilot Study . 26 Table 12 Aircraft and Routings for Part I Testing . 45 Table 13 Ai
15、rcraft and Flight Characteristics of Part I Flights 50 Table 14 Flight Details . 50 Table 15 Summary of Passenger Responses to Selected Survey Questions 53 Table 16 Summary of Crew Responses to Selected Survey Questions . 58 Table 17 Permissible Noise Exposures According to OSHA Sound Level, dBA Per
16、missible Time, hr . 71 Table 18 Average CO2Concentrations for Four Flights 77 Table 19 Average Ozone Concentration During Phases of Four Test Flights . 80 Table 20 VOC Results from Canister Samples on Flights 1 and 2 82 Table 21 VOC Results from Canister Samples on Flights 3 and 4 83 Table 22 VOC Re
17、sults Using Passive Sampling Devices on Flights 1 and 2 86 Table 23 VOC Results Using Passive Sampling Devices on Flights 3 and 4 87 Table 24 Adsorbent Blank Levels 88 Table 25 SVOC Concentration Data 90 Table 26 Parameters Used in Air Exchange Rate Calculations . 92 Table 27 Results of Air Exchange
18、 Rate Calculations 92 Table 28 Mean Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Measurements During Cabin (Cruise) and Bleed Air Sampling 93 Table 29 Pulse (beats per minute, bpm) and Percent Blood Oxygen Saturation Measurements for Part I Flights 96 Table 30 Contaminants and Measures of Comfort and Health 98 Table 31
19、 Environmental Factors and Measures of Comfort and Health 100 Table 32 Contaminants and Environmental Variables . 102 Table 33 Results of Backwards Selection Multiple Regression for the Effect of Environmental Factors on Ozone Levels . 103 Table 34 Results of Backwards Selection Multiple Regression
20、for the Effect of Environmental Factors on Carbon Dioxide Levels 103 Table 35 Human Factors and Comfort . 105 ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.viTABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page FIGURES Figure 1 Example o
21、f Fixed Location Instrument Package Positioning . 25 Figure 2 Top Layer of Instrument Package #1 29 Figure 3 Lower Level of Instrument Package #1 Showing Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Monitors, Batteries and Data Logger 29 Figure 4 Instrument Package #2 (Partially Completed) 30 Figure 5 SKC 590 Series Pa
22、ssive Sampler 32 Figure 6 Ambient Air Passive Sampler for Ozone 33 Figure 7 External View of “Rover” Sampler Used for Cabin Profile Measurements . 34 Figure 8 Internal View of “Rover” Sampler and Air Velocity Sensor 34 Figure 9 Apparatus Employed for Electromagnetic Interference Testing of Battelle
23、Instrumentation 36 Figure 10 Boeing 757-200 Seating, Lavatory and Galley Locations 46 Figure 11 Boeing 737-800 Seating, Lavatory and Galley Locations 46 Figure 12 McDonald Douglas 80 (MD-80) Diagram 47 Figure 13 Flight Scientist with Instrument Packages Prior to Boarding . 48 Figure 14 Samplers Depl
24、oyed on One of the Flights 52 Figure 15 Continuous Stationary Temperature and Pressure Measurements During Flight 3 65 Figure 16 Mobile Temperature Values During Flight 3 65 Figure 17 Continuous Relative Humidity and Pressure Measurements During Flight 3 66 Figure 18 Average Temperature Values Durin
25、g the Six Stages of the Flight . 67 Figure 19 Average Humidity Values During the Six Stages of the Flight 68 Figure 20 Average Pressure Values During the Six Stages of the Flight 69 Figure 21 Sound Levels During Flight 1 (five-second moving average) 70 Figure 22 Sound Level Traverse for Flight 1 71
26、Figure 23 Acceleration in gs Along the z Axis Versus Elapsed Time in Minutes. Line Shown is a 10-Second Moving Average . 72 Figure 24 Light Levels on Flight 1 73 Figure 25 Variation in Air Velocity with Position in Cabin 74 Figure 26 Carbon Monoxide Concentration During Flight 1 (1-minute running av
27、erage) . 75 Figure 27 Carbon Dioxide and Cabin Pressure During Flight 3 . 77 Figure 28 Cabin Ozone Concentration and Pressure During Flight 3 . 79 Figure 29 Temporal Variation in PM2.5Concentration for Flight 3 81 Figure 30 Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Flight 4 . 94 Thisfileislicensedt
28、oAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.viiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study is part of an ASHRAE program aimed at investigating the potential link between perceived health symptoms and discomfort on one hand, and aircraft cabin environm
29、ental conditions and human factors on the other. Such data were called for in the NRC report to Congress (2002),(2)and are needed to support ASHRAEs standard setting process. Part I of the project has used the results from past studies and a literature review to guide the development of a measuremen
30、t system and protocol, and a survey tool. These tools were then pilot tested and validated on four commercial aircraft flights. Part II, which will be under separate contract, will utilize the validated measurement and survey tools to collect data on a statistical sample of aircraft types and routin
31、gs, and relate the health and comfort survey results from passengers and crew to the air quality and environmental variables observed. In the Part I study reported here, three carry-on instrument packages were developed. Two were suitcases designed to fit under passenger seats. The third package was
32、 used to make spatial measurements of air speed, temperature, and noise throughout the passenger cabin. The underseat instruments measured temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, motion (acceleration), ozone, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, fine particulate matter, volatile organic compoun
33、ds and semivolatile organic compounds. The instruments are battery powered, independent of aircraft systems, and can be installed and put into operation in 5-10 minutes. The instruments were tested for electromagnetic interference and certified for use aboard commercial aircraft. Two interrelated qu
34、estionnaires were developed to assess passenger and crew perceptions of health and comfort in the cabin environment. The questionnaires, measurements systems, and procedures were tested on four commercial flights on two participating airlines in April, 2004. Measurements were made on two MD-80 aircr
35、aft, a 757-200 and a 737-800. Procedures developed to obtain passage through airport security and for preboarding the aircraft worked smoothly. Cooperation with airlines and flight crew was excellent. Passenger and crew acceptance of the onboard measurement systems was excellent. Questionnaire retur
36、ns averaged 50% for passengers and 71% for flight crew, without incentives. Measurements systems performed well with the exception of the fine particle monitor (malfunction) and passive ozone samplers (operator error). Measurements were made of cabin air throughout each flight from boarding through
37、deplaning. In addition, short-term measurements of O3, CO, CO2, VOC, and fine particles were made in bleed air for a few minutes during each flight. The data from the four flights have been analyzed empirically and statistically. The statistical analysis was exploratory in nature and was focused on
38、eight study questions that are proposed for the future Part II study. Results from this exploratory analysis should be useful in the design of the Part II study. ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.1 Relate Ai
39、r Quality and Other Factors to Comfort and Health Symptoms Reported by Passengers and Crew on Commercial Transport Aircraft (Part I) (ASHRAE Project 1262-TRP) INTRODUCTION The aircraft cabin is a challenging microenvironment for maintaining the health, comfort, and well-being of passengers and crew.
40、 Space is limited, conditions can feel cramped, the outside environment is extreme, and travelers experience anxiety over loss of control over their situation and their environment. During flight the passengers and crew experience noise, reduced atmospheric pressure, vibration, low relative humidity
41、, somewhat variable temperature, and potential air quality degradation. It is perhaps not surprising that passengers and crew have registered complaints about the aircraft cabin environment for decades. A number of studies have been conducted to investigate these complaints. The National Research Co
42、uncil (NRC) studied the issue of commercial aircraft cabin air quality and issued reports in 1986(1)and 2002.(2)The 2002 report(2)recommended “ rigorous scientific investigation to ensure that the regulations governing air quality in commercial aircraft cabins are adequate to protect public health”.
43、 ASHRAE recommends ventilation standards for public buildings, residences, and commercial aircraft among its many activities. These latter standards influence the air quality and therefore, the comfort and health of aircraft cabin occupants. Aircraft manufacturers and airlines attempt to balance cab
44、in environmental factors which affect comfort with economic realities that affect their competitive position. For example, providing more leg room decreases passenger load which tends to drive up ticket prices, and in the same manner, providing additional ventilation requires energy to heat and filt
45、er the air, tending to raise the per-passenger cost. The ventilation standards provide a basis for assuring cabin occupants a safe and comfortable environment. As technologies change and new information emerges, the standards are reviewed and revised if necessary. As part of its effort to review air
46、craft cabin ventilation standards, ASHRAE has supported previous research into the aircraft cabin environment.(3,4)ThisfileislicensedtoAshraeAssociate(associateashrae.org).ThisdownloadwasmadeavailablewithsupportfromASHRAE.CopyrightASHRAE2017.2The present study is the first part of a two-part program
47、 to greatly expand the database on the in-service aircraft cabin environment, and the comfort and health perceptions of passengers and crew. The program is being developed in collaboration with FAA and with input from many stakeholders. Part I is developing and testing instrumentation and survey too
48、ls for use on commercial aircraft; Part II will gather data and survey passengers and crew on a substantial number of flights to obtain required information with an appropriate degree of statistical confidence. This report describes Part I of ASHRAE Project 1262-TRP entitled “Air Quality and Other F
49、actors Relating to Comfort and Health Related Symptoms Reported by Passengers and Crew on Commercial Transport Aircraft”. Under Part I we have initiated the development of a study design for Part II of the project. In order to ensure that the data collected within Part II of the study meet ASHRAEs needs, we implemented the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) process.(5)The DQO Process comprises seven procedural steps used to clarify study
