1、Power PipingASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME B31.1-2012(Revision of ASME B31.1-2010)Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright ASME International
2、Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ASME B31.1-2012(Revision of ASME B31.1-2010)Power PipingASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDThree Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USACopyright ASME Int
3、ernational Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Date of Issuance: June 29, 2012The next edition of this Code is scheduled for publication in 2014. This Code will become effective6 months after the Date of Issuance.
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13、-5990Copyright 2012 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CONTENTSForeword viiCommittee Roster . viiiInt
14、roduction . xiiSummary of Changes xivChapter I Scope and Definitions. 1100 General . 1Chapter II Design . 12Part 1 Conditions and Criteria . 12101 Design Conditions . 12102 Design Criteria 13Part 2 Pressure Design of Piping Components . 19103 Criteria for Pressure Design of Piping Components . 19104
15、 Pressure Design of Components . 19Part 3 Selection and Limitations of Piping Components . 34105 Pipe 34106 Fittings, Bends, and Intersections 34107 Valves 35108 Pipe Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, Gaskets, and Bolting . 36Part 4 Selection and Limitations of Piping Joints 37110 Piping Joints 37111
16、 Welded Joints . 37112 Flanged Joints . 38113 Expanded or Rolled Joints . 38114 Threaded Joints . 38115 Flared, Flareless, and Compression Joints, and Unions 43116 Bell End Joints 43117 Brazed and Soldered Joints 43118 Sleeve Coupled and Other Proprietary Joints . 44Part 5 Expansion, Flexibility, an
17、d Pipe Supporting Element 44119 Expansion and Flexibility 44120 Loads on Pipe Supporting Elements . 46121 Design of Pipe Supporting Elements . 47Part 6 Systems . 51122 Design Requirements Pertaining to Specific Piping Systems . 51Chapter III Materials. 66123 General Requirements . 66124 Limitations
18、on Materials . 67125 Materials Applied to Miscellaneous Parts 69Chapter IV Dimensional Requirements 70126 Material Specifications and Standards for Standard and NonstandardPiping Components . 70Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 78127 Welding . 78128 Brazing and Soldering . 89129 Bending
19、and Forming . 90130 Requirements for Fabricating and Attaching Pipe Supports . 93131 Welding Preheat . 93iiiCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-132 Postweld Heat Treatment 94133 Stampi
20、ng . 101135 Assembly . 101Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 103136 Inspection and Examination . 103137 Pressure Tests . 107Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance . 110138 General . 110139 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 110140 Condition Assessment of CPS 110141 CPS Records 111144 C
21、PS Walkdowns . 111145 Material Degradation Mechanisms . 111Figures100.1.2(A.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping An Example of Forced FlowSteam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line . 2100.1.2(A.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping An Example of Steam SeparatorType Forced Flow Steam
22、Generators With No Fixed Steam and WaterLine 3100.1.2(B) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Drum-Type Boilers 4100.1.2(C) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Spray-Type Desuperheater . 5102.4.5 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends 17104.3.1(D) Reinforcement of Branch Connections 24104.3.1(G) Reinforced
23、Extruded Outlets . 28104.5.3 Types of Permanent Blanks 31104.8.4 Cross Section Resultant Moment Loading 33122.1.7(C) Typical Globe Valves 55122.4 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement 59127.3 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment . 79127.4.2 Welding End Transition Maximum Envelo
24、pe 80127.4.4(A) Fillet Weld Size 83127.4.4(B) Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; SomeAcceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds . 84127.4.4(C) Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket WeldingComponents Other Than Flanges 84127.4.8(A) Typical Welded Branch Connection Witho
25、ut AdditionalReinforcement . 84127.4.8(B) Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement . 84127.4.8(C) Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without AdditionalReinforcement 84127.4.8(D) Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment DetailsShowing Minimum Acceptable Welds . 85
26、127.4.8(E) Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings . 86127.4.8(F) Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 andSmaller Half Couplings or Adapters . 87127.4.8(G) Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2 andSmaller Fittings . 88135.5.3 Typ
27、ical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads 102Tables102.4.3 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors . 16102.4.5 Bend Thinning Allowance . 17102.4.6(B.1.1) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 412in. (114 mm) orLess 18102.4.6(B.2.2) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Tha
28、n 412in.(114 mm) . 18ivCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating theMinimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure
29、 ofComponents Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld 20104.1.2(A) Values of y 22112 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements . 39114.2.1 Threaded Joints Limitations 43121.5 Suggested Pipe Support Spacing . 48121.7.2(A) Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576Hot-
30、Rolled Carbon Steel . 50122.2 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEPValves 56122.8.2(B) Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping . 63126.1 Specifications and Standards . 71127.4.2 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds . 82129.3.1 Approximate Lowe
31、r Critical Temperatures . 91129.3.4.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements . 92132 Postweld Heat Treatment 95132.1 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon andLow Alloy Steels 100136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for PressureWelds or Weld
32、s to Pressure-Retaining Components . 105136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination . 106Mandatory AppendicesA Allowable Stress Tables 113Table A-1, Carbon Steel 114Table A-2, Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel . 126Table A-3, Stainless Steels . 136Table A-4, Nickel and High N
33、ickel Alloys 166Table A-5, Cast Iron . 180Table A-6, Copper and Copper Alloys 182Table A-7, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . 186Table A-8, Temperatures 1,200F and Above 194Table A-9, Titanium and Titanium Alloys 200Table A-10, Bolts, Nuts, and Studs . 204B Thermal Expansion Data 209Table B-1, Thermal
34、Expansion Data 210Table B-1 (SI), Thermal Expansion Data 214C Moduli of Elasticity . 218Table C-1, Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material . 218Table C-1 (SI), Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material 219Table C-2, Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material . 220Table C-2 (SI), Moduli of Elasti
35、city for Nonferrous Material . 222D Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors 224Table D-1, Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors 224Chart D-1, Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i . 228Chart D-2, Correction Factor, c . 229Fig. D-1, Branch Connection Dimensions .
36、 230F Referenced Standards 231G Nomenclature . 235H Preparation of Technical Inquiries 242J Quality Control Requirements for Boiler External Piping (BEP) . 243Nonmandatory AppendicesII Rules for the Design of Safety Valve Installations . 245III Rules for Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonm
37、etals 265IV Corrosion Control for ASME B31.1 Power Piping Systems 286vCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-V Recommended Practice for Operation, Maintenance, andModification of Power Pi
38、ping Systems . 290VI Approval of New Materials 303VII Procedures for the Design of Restrained Underground Piping . 304Index 315viCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-FOREWORDThe general
39、 philosophy underlying this Power Piping Code is to parallel those provisions ofSection I, Power Boilers, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, as they can be appliedto power piping systems. The Allowable Stress Values for power piping are generally consistentwith those assigned for power boi
40、lers. This Code is more conservative than some other pipingcodes, reflecting the need for long service life and maximum reliability in power plant installations.The Power Piping Code as currently written does not differentiate among the design, fabrication,and erection requirements for critical and
41、noncritical piping systems, except for certain stresscalculations and mandatory nondestructive tests of welds for heavy wall, high temperatureapplications. The problem involved is to try to reach agreement on how to evaluate criticality,and to avoid the inference that noncritical systems donot requi
42、re competence in design, fabrication,and erection. Someday such levels of quality may be definable, so that the need for the manydifferent piping codes will be overcome.There are many instances where the Code serves to warn a designer, fabricator, or erectoragainst possible pitfalls; but the Code is
43、 not a handbook, and cannot substitute for education,experience, and sound engineering judgment.Nonmandatory Appendices are included in the Code. Each contains information on a specificsubject, and is maintained current with the Code. Although written in mandatory language, theseAppendices are offer
44、ed for application at the users discretion.The Code never intentionally puts a ceiling limit on conservatism. A designer is free to specifymore rigid requirements as he feels they may be justified. Conversely, a designer who is capableof a more rigorous analysis than is specified in the Code may jus
45、tify a less conservative design,and still satisfy the basic intent of the Code.The Power Piping Committee strives to keep abreast of the current technological improvementsin new materials, fabrication practices, and testing techniques; and endeavors to keep the Codeupdated to permit the use of accep
46、table new developments.viiCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ASME B31 COMMITTEECode for Pressure Piping(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Co
47、de.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSM. L. Nayyar, ChairJ. E. Meyer, Vice ChairN. Lobo, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELR. J. T. Appleby, ExxonMobil Development Co.C. Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co.A. E. Beyer, Fluor EnterprisesK. C. Bodenhamer, Enterprise Products Co.C. J. Campbell, Air LiquideJ.
48、S. Chin, TransCanada Pipeline U.S.D. D. Christian, VictaulicD. L. Coym, Intertek MoodyC. J. Melo, Alternate, S chemical, pharmaceuti-cal, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryo-genic plants; and related processing plantsand terminalsB31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for LiquidHydrocarbons and O
49、ther Liquids: pipingtransporting products that are predominatelyliquid between plants and terminals andwithin terminals, pumping, regulating, andmetering stationsB31.5 Refrigeration Piping: piping for refrigerantsand secondary coolantsB31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution PipingSystems: piping transporting produ
