1、STP-PT-073STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND K-FACTOR ALIGNMENT FOR METALLIC PIPESSTP-PT-073 STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND K-FACTOR ALIGNMENT FOR METALLIC PIPES Prepared by: Anthony W. Paulin Paulin Research Group Date of Issuance: December, 24 2014 This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by
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9、 978-0-7918-7010-5 Copyright 2014 by ASME Standards Technology, LLC All Rights Reserved STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Factor and K-Factor Alignment for Metallic Pipes iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . v Abstract vi Abbreviations and Acronyms vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Updated Branch Connection Sketches
10、. 4 2 USING THIS DOCUMENT 6 3 DISCUSSION 9 3.1 Unreinforced Branch Connections (Referenced in Figure 1-5, Sketch 2.3) 10 3.2 Pad Reinforced Branch Connections (Referenced in Figure 1-5, Sketch 2.2) . 10 3.3 Integrally Reinforced Welded-On Fittings (Referenced in Figure 1-5, Sketch 2.6) 10 3.4 B16.9
11、Welding Tees (Referenced in Figure 1-5, Sketch 2.1) 10 3.5 Welded-in Contour Inserts (Referenced in Figure 1-5, Sketch 2.5) 11 3.6 Extruded Outlets (Sketch 2.4 Referenced in Figure 1-5) . 13 3.7 t/T Limitations . 14 3.8 Key Document Review 15 3.9 WRC 329 Items to Address: 16 3.10 Regression, Visuali
12、zation and Automation 18 3.11 Sketch 2.6 Geometry of Integrally Reinforced Branch Welded-On Fittings . 20 3.12 Finite Element Models . 22 3.13 Markl Data . 24 Annex A 27 Nonmandatory Appendix B 27 Nonmandatory Appendix C 44 Nonmandatory Appendix D 57 Annex B Khan Flexibility Calculation Equations re
13、fs. 23, 24 . 63 Annex C Comparisons with Existing Codes 76 Annex D Relative Comparisons between Components . 178 Annex E - Automatically Generated Test Comparison Tables 199 Annex F - Compiled SIF References (R1) 281 Annex F2 - Complied Flexibility Factor References (R1) 293 Annex G - Source Equatio
14、ns for Comparison and Verification 306 Annex H - Calculations to Review Some Aspects of EPRI TR-1006227 348 Annex I - PRG Unreinforced Fabricated Tee and Blair (1936-1945) Fatigue Tests 357 References . 371 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Radial Restraint k-Factor Branch Connection Test Setup . 2 Figure
15、 1-2: In-Plane Branch Load Deflection Test Configuration 2 Figure 1-3: Torsional Run Load-Deflection Test 3 Figure 1-4: Torsional Run Load-Deflection Test Setup, Schematic and Preliminary Results. 4 STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Factor and K-Factor Alignment for Metallic Pipes iv Figure 1-5: Branch C
16、onnection Sketch Numbers and Figures . 5 Figure 2-1: Test Data Matrix . 6 Figure 2-2: Code Comparison Plots . 7 Figure 2-3: Test Data Comparison Plots 7 Figure 2-4: Applicable i-factors and k-factors for Piping . 8 Figure 3-1: Welded-in Contour Inserts 11 Figure 3-2: Welded-in Contour Insert iob Com
17、parison with Unreinforced Fabricated Tee and B16.9 Welding Tee 12 Figure 3-3: Welded-in Contour Insert kob Comparison with Unreinforced Fabricated Tee and B16.9 Welding Tee 12 Figure 3-4: Two-Dimensional Graph Automated Table of Results . 13 Figure 3-5: Extruded Outlet Iob Comparison with Unreinforc
18、ed Fabricated Tee and B16.9 Welding Tee13 Figure 3-6: t/T Effect for Unreinforced Branch Connections 14 Figure 3-7: t/T Effects on i-factors and Stress-Factors (WRC 297) 14 Figure 3-8: Two and Three-Dimensional i-factor Graphs Vs. d/D for R/T=50 For Different Values of t/T 15 Figure 3-9: Regression,
19、 2D and 3D Plotting and Comparison Tool Input Form . 19 Figure 3-10: iob Comparison of DNV 32, Wais 10, Widera 14, and the Results for Unreinforced Fabricated Tees (Three Dimensional Image on Left, Two Dimensional Section Plot on Right) 19 Figure 3-11: In-Plane i-factor Surfaces And Finite Element D
20、ata Points For Thru-Run (Left) and Thru-Branch (Right) Loads On Unreinforced Branch Connections. (SCF In These Plots Is The Stress Intensification Factor.) . 20 Figure 3-12: Out-of-Plane Branch i-factor for Unreinforced Fabricated Tee (Sketch 2.3), Wais 10, Widera 14, B31 20 Figure 3-13: Integrally
21、Reinforced Branch Welded-On Fitting Profile in Circumferential Plane (Sketch 2.6) 21 Figure 3-14: Geometric Similarities between Sketches 2.3 and 2.6 when d/D 0.5 21 Figure 3-15: Example Brick Finite Element Geometries. 22 Figure 3-16: Example Contoured Shell Element Finite Element Models and Small
22、d/D Intersections. Two Contour Shaded Intersections Show the Thickness Profiles Used In the B16.9 Welding Tee Models. . 23 Figure 3-17: Finite Element Model Input for Contoured Branch Connections (Left), and Stress Classification Line Output for Volumetric Models 23 Figure 3-18: Markl 27 Fatigue Tes
23、ts and Data of Piping Components & Data, 1952 ASME Transactions 24 Figure 3-19: Markl 27 Fatigue Tests of Piping Components & Data, ASME Paper No. 51-PET-21 25 Figure 3-20: Markl 27 Fatigue Data of Piping Components, ASME Paper No. 51-PET-21, Chart 125 Figure 3-21: Markl 27 Fatigue Data of Piping Co
24、mponents, ASME Paper No. 51-PET-21, Chart 226 Figure 3-22: Markl 27 Fatigue Data of Piping Components, ASME Paper No. 51-PET-21, Chart 326 STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Factor and K-Factor Alignment for Metallic Pipes v FOREWORD The purpose of this report is to align stress intensification and flexib
25、ility factors for metallic pipes used in ASMEs Pressure Piping Codes (B31) and Boiler and Presure Vessel Code (B&PVC) Section III Class 2 and Class 3 Piping. The alignment recommendations are provided with examples along with major features of the aligned and updated equations. Validation is provide
26、d by comparison to existing Codes, alternate guidelines and test data in the supporting annexes. Many people have graciously provided comments and recommendations during the course of this project, including: Ron Haupt, Bill Koves, John Cates WFI, Phil Ellenberger, John Minichiello, Don Edwards and
27、Jim Montague (Conoco Phillips), Chris Hinnant, Peter Vu, Glynn Woods, Brian Holbrook, David Creates, Patrick Marcotte, and Ev Rodabaugh. Established in 1880, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is a professional not-for-profit organization with more than 135,000 members and volunteer
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31、ww.stllc.asme.org for more information. STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Factor and K-Factor Alignment for Metallic Pipes vi ABSTRACT This reports objective is to align stress intensification and flexibility factors for metallic pipe used in ASMEs Pressure Piping Codes (B31) and Boiler and Presure Vesse
32、l Code (B&PVC) Section III Class 2 and Class 3 Piping, hereinafter the “Codes”. The alignment recommendations are given with examples in Annex A in this report. Validation is provided by comparison to existing Codes, alternate guidelines and test data in Annexes C through I in this report. Reference
33、s are included in Annex J in this report. The steps that were taken to prepare the recommendations are: (a) Collect and compare test data and equations from different sources (b) Resolve differences (c) Develop consistent rules and translate to a single document (d) Perform verification (e) Produce
34、examples The major features of the aligned and updated equations are: (a) Flexibility factors were added for all branch connection types (1) branch connection k-factors are adjusted when flanges are attached to one or both run ends (b) SIFs were updated to include: (1) out-of-plane branch loading du
35、e to Schneider effect (2) reduction of SIF for run loads where appropriate (3) separation of branch and run SIF and flexibility factors (4) weld-on fitting SIF correction (5) individual development of in-plane, out-plane and torsional SIFs for both run and branch (6) EPRI tests conducted after 1996
36、(7) clarification of locally thickened branch rules (8) guidance for fabricated outer radius (r2) provided (9) EPRI Rodabaugh/Wais results for concentric and eccentric reducers (10) improved figures to identify branch connection types (11) corrections when t/T 1 for fabricated branch connections (12
37、) t/T effect for Sketch 2.2 and Sketch 2.3 iob when t/T 0.85 (c) Examples and Application notes were prepared. (d) Corrections and note changes recommended in WRC 329 were implemented. (e) Additional test requirements have been identified and a number are underway at PRG in Houston STP-PT-073: Stres
38、s Intensity Factor and K-Factor Alignment for Metallic Pipes vii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS D = mean diameter of matching pipe found from (Do-T), in. (mm). For Sketches 2.1 through 2.6 in Table 1 of Annex A, the mean diameter of the matching run pipe d = mean diameter of matching branch pipe found f
39、rom (do-t), in. (mm) E = modulus of elasticity, psi. (KPa) Ib, Ir = matching branch and run pipe moment of inertia used in Table 2 of Annex A, in4 (mm4) i = stress intensification factor (SIF) k = flexibility factor with respect to the plane and component indicated M = moment on branch or run legs s
40、hown in Fig. 2, in.-lb (N.mm) P = gage pressure, psi (MPa) r = mean radius of matching branch pipe found from (do-t)/2, in. (mm) for Sketches 2.1 through 2.6 r2 = radii used with Fig. 5 and in Sketch 3.1, in.(mm). (See Annex A.) R = mean radius of matching pipe found from (Do-T)/2, in. (mm) R1 = ben
41、d radius of welding elbow or pipe bend, in. (mm) rp = radius to outside edge of fitting for Sketches 2.3 and 2.6 measured in longitudinal plane, in. (mm) rx = external crotch radius of welding tee per ASME B16.9, extruded outlet and welded-in contour insert Sketches 2.1, 2.4 and 2.5, measured in the
42、 plane containing the centerline axes of the run and branch, in.(mm) s = miter spacing at centerline, in. (mm) SIF = stress intensification factor t = nominal wall thickness of matching branch pipe, in. (mm) tn = local branch pipe thickness used with Fig. 5(a) and (b), in. (mm) T = nominal wall thic
43、kness of the fitting for elbows and miter bends (Sketches 1.1 through 1.3), and the nominal wall thickness of the matching pipe for tees (Sketches 2.1 through 2.6) and other components, in. (mm) Tc = crotch thickness in Sketches 2.1, 2.4 and 2.5 in Table 1 in Annex A measured at the center of the cr
44、otch and in the plane shown, in. (mm) tp = reinforcement pad or saddle thickness, in. (mm) Z = section modulus of pipe, in3, (mm3) (See Note 10.) Zb = section modulus of matching branch pipe, in3, (mm3) (See Note 10 to Table 1 in Annex A.) = reducer cone angle, degree STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Fa
45、ctor and K-Factor Alignment for Metallic Pipes 1 1 INTRODUCTION In the Welding Research Councils (WRC) WRC Bulletin 329 (1987) E.C. Rodabaugh 1 outlined a number of recommendations for AMSE B31.1 Power Piping (B31.1), ASME B31.3 Process Piping (B31.3), BPVC Section III - Div. 1 - Subsection NC - Rul
46、es for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components - Class 2 Components (BPVC Section III NC) and BPVC Section III - Div. 1 - Subsection ND - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components - Class 3 Components (BPVC Section III ND). Specific recommendations were provided in WRC 329 Appendix A
47、 for BPVC Section III NC-3600 which were subsequently incorporated into the BPVC Section III Code. The WRC 329 Section 5.0 Recommendations for B31.1 and B31.3 have not been incorporated into the B31.1 and B31.3 Codes as of the 2010 versions. The resolution of issues raised in WRC 329 is one objectiv
48、e of this report. Rodabaugh 1234567 and Schneider 8 have long recognized the significant influence branch connection flexibility factors can have on piping flexibility results. In WRC 329 Rodabaugh states, “present Code guidance for flexibility of branch connections can be very inaccurate. If the Co
49、de guidance is followed, there can be inaccuracies in the calculated moments, and the stresses, that may be greater than that due to any of the inaccuracies in i-factors.” Widera 9 and Wais 10 presented flexibility factors for unreinforced branch connections, and Wais 6 provided flexibility factors for pad reinforced branch connections. In 1987 Moore and others 41112 conducted instrumented tests of welding tees. For this report PRG ran in excess of 30,000 brick and shell finite element analyses on unreinforced
