1、(Revision of ASME STS-12006)AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDSteel Stacks ASME STS-12011INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKASME STS-12011(Revision of ASME STS-12006)Steel StacksAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDThree Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: April 26, 2011The next edition of this Standard is
2、scheduled for publication in 2014. There will be no addendaissued to this edition.ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of thisStandard. Periodically certain actions of the ASME STS Committee may be published as Cases.Cases and interpretations are p
3、ublished on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages athttp:/cstools.asme.org as they are issued.ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American NationalStandards.
4、 The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals fromcompetent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was madeavailableforpublicreviewandcommentthatprovidesanopportunityforadditionalpublicinputf
5、romindustry,academia,regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with anyitems mentioned in
6、this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability forinfringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expresslyadvised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
7、of infringement of such rights, isentirely their own responsibility.Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted asgovernment or industry endorsement of this code or standard.ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretation
8、s of this document issued in accordance with the establishedASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the p
9、ublisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2011 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll Rights ReservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONTENTSForeword ivCommitteeRoster . vCorrespondenceWiththeSteelStacksCommittee . viIntroduction. vii1 Mecha
10、nical Design . 12 Materials 43 Linings and Coatings . 74 Structural Design. 125 Dynamic Wind Loads . 206 Access and Safety 237 Electrical. 298 Fabrication and Erection 299 Inspection and Maintenance 3110 References. 33Figures6.2.6-1 ExampleoftheGeneralConstructionofCages . 246.2.6-2 MinimumLadderCle
11、arances 256.3.6-1 LadderDimensions,SupportSpacing,andSideClearances . 266.3.8-1 LandingPlatformDimensions . 27Tables4.4.6-1 FactorsofSafety 164.4.7-1 MinimumFabricatedPlateThicknessandMaximumStiffenerSpacing 164.10.1.3-1 CableSelectionCriteria . 185.2.1.2-1 RepresentativeStructuralDampingValues(H925
12、2s). 21Mandatory AppendixI StructuralDesign . 35Nonmandatory AppendicesA MechanicalDesign 46B MaterialsforAmbientandElevatedTemperatureService. 60C LiningsandCoatings . 75D StructuralDesign . 80E ExampleCalculations . 86F ConversionFactors:U.S.CustomarytoSI(Metric) . 95iiiFOREWORDIn early 1978, the
13、American Society of Mechanical Engineers was approached by a groupinterestedinformulatingastandardforthedesign,fabrication,anderectionofsteelstacksandtheir appurtenances. They felt there was a need for such a code to establish a better level ofstandardizationintheindustryandforsafeguardingthecommuni
14、ty.Becauseoftheparticularnatureofstacksandtheirsusceptibilitytofailuresduetowindandseismic-inducedvibrations,along with corrosion and erosion, the design process is a complex one. Additionally, recentregulationsbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyconcerningemissionshaveplacedastrongemphasisonthemechan
15、icaldesignofstacks.Inthelastseveraldecades,muchresearchhasbeendone and many papers written on the subject. While investigation and research continued, itwasthefeelingofthesepersonsthatsomeformalguidelinesneededtobeestablished.Therefore,inAprilof1979,agroupcomposedofstackusers,researchers,designers,f
16、abricators,anderectorsconvenedattheUnitedEngineeringCenterinNewYorkCityundertheauspicesoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineerstoformulatesuchacode.Withtheaboveinmind,thegroupsubdividedandbegangatheringinformationtoformulateguidelinesformechanicaldesign,materialselection,theuseofliningsandcoatings,
17、structuraldesign,vibrationconsiderations,accessandsafety,electricalrequirements,andfabricationandconstruction.Whenthesewereestablished,asectiononmaintenanceandinspectionwasadded.Thefollowingisaresultoftheirworkandinvestigation.Theinitialdocumentwasapprovedasan American National Standard in August 19
18、86 and published as ASME/ANSI STS-1-1986 inMay1988.Duringthenext3yr,thecommitteereceivedcommentsfromthepublicatlargeandfromitsown membership regarding the Standards content. Several formulas needed correction, andsomeofthesymbolsneededclarification.Section6.3.3regardingEarthquakeResponsewasalsorevie
19、wed and revised to allow for static rather than dynamic analysis in certain cases and tocorrelateitwithASCESTD-7-88(formerlyANSIA58-1).Thesechangeswerethensubmittedtothegeneralmembershipandapproved.In1994,thecommitteewasreorganizedtofurtherreviewandupdatethissteelstackStandard.Emphasis was given to
20、the Structural Design and Vibrations chapters. Chapter 4, “StructuralDesign,” was rewritten to be more compatible with the nomenclature, formulae, and symbolsused in the Manual of Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design (ASD), 9th Edition andLoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD),1stEdition.Chapter5
21、,“Vibrations,”wasrevisedtobemore“userfriendly.”Theseandotherchapterswereupdatedtoincludethelatestrecognizedapplicablecodesandstandards.The2006editionincludedchangesandimprovementstotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyregulationconcerningemissionsthathavecreatedastrongemphasisonthemechanicaldesignof stee
22、l stacks, made necessary changes found through practical experience with the previousedition,expandedformulasasnecessary,andprovidedbothrevisedandnewsectionsforsteelstack design, fabrication, and erection. It revised sections on appurtenances to meet todaysrequirementsfortheseitems.Anewsectionprovid
23、edthefundamentalconceptsforguyedstacks.Revisionstothesectiononthephysicalpropertiesofsteelatelevatedtemperaturesweremadetomatchinformationavailablethroughacomprehensivereviewofcurrenttechnicalliterature.Sections on vibration included minor changes but yielded a more workable standard. Also, adetaile
24、d example was included to provide a method for determining the magnitude of acrosswind loads. One method was included to address fatigue due to vibration. Fatigue can be asignificant issue in steel stack design and needs to be considered in the design. Methods todetermineacrosswindloadandseismicload
25、swereprovidedinthenonmandatoryappendices.Iffatiguerequires closeexamination,theengineer iscautionedtoreviewthis issuewithotherdesignstandardsifnecessary.Thereareseveralstandardsamongthemthatcanbehelpful:AISC,CICIND,orASME.The last standard was approved as an American National Standard on March 21, 2
26、006 andreissuedasSTS-12006.ThisrevisedstandardwasapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardonMarch11,2011.ivASME STS COMMITTEESteel Stacks(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSJ. C. Sowizal, ChairW. C. Rosencutter, Vice ChairL.
27、T. Powers, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELA. K. Bhowmik, Hamon CustodisK. Scott, Alternate, Hamon CustodisJ. J. Carty, R and P Industrial Chimney Co.M. J. Gault, ConsultantD. C. Mattes, Hoffmann, Inc.A. C. Olson, Wolf MHS/Hoffmann, Inc.T. Oswald, Jr., Sauereisen Co.L. T. Powers, The American
28、Society of Mechanical EngineersC. B. Reid, Industrial Environment Systems, Inc.vS. L. Reid, Alternate, Industrial Environment Systems, Inc.I. L. Rodrigues, Ivan Lippi Eng. AssociadosW. C. Rosencutter, Meca Enterprises, Inc.R. Ruiz, JLJ Industria Comercio E Servicos Ltda.R. K. Simonetti, Worley Parso
29、nsR. L. Schneider, Alternate, Worley ParsonsR. S. Slay, Warren Environment, Inc.J. C. Sowizal, Industrial Chimney Engineering Co.L. A. Yadav, ConsultantN. Zarrabi, Assoc. Engineering Resources, Inc.CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE STEEL STACKSCOMMITTEEGeneral. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with
30、 the intent to represent theconsensusofconcernedinterests.Assuch,usersofthisStandardmayinteractwiththeCommitteeby requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee meetings. Corre-spondenceshouldbeaddressedto:Secretary,SteelStacksStandardsCommitteeTheAmericanSocietyofMechanica
31、lEngineersThreeParkAvenueNewYork,NY10016-5990http:/go.asme.org/InquiryProposing Revisions. RevisionsaremadeperiodicallytotheSteelStacksStandardtoincorporatechangesthatappearnecessaryordesirable,asdemonstratedbytheexperiencegainedfromtheapplicationoftheStandard.Approvedrevisionswillbepublishedperiodi
32、cally.TheCommitteewelcomesproposalsforrevisionstothisStandard.Suchproposalsshouldbeas specific as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detaileddescriptionofthereasonsfortheproposals,includinganypertinentdocumentation.Interpretations. Uponrequest,theCommitteewillrende
33、raninterpretationofanyrequirementoftheStandard.InterpretationscanonlyberenderedinresponsetoawrittenrequestsenttotheSecretaryoftheSteelStacksStandardsCommittee.Therequest forinterpretationshould beclearand unambiguous.Itis furtherrecommendedthattheinquirersubmithisrequestinthefollowingformat:Subject:
34、 Citetheapplicableparagraphnumber(s)andconcisedescription.Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the Standard for which the interpretation isbeingrequested.Question: Phrasethequestionasarequestforaninterpretationofaspecificrequirementsuitableforgeneralunderstandinganduse,notasarequestforanapprovalo
35、faproprietarydesignorsituation.Theinquirermayalsoincludeanyplansor drawings, which are necessary to explain the question; however, theyshouldnotcontainproprietarynamesorinformation.Requeststhat arenot inthis formatwillbe rewrittenin thisformat bythe Committeepriortobeinganswered,whichmayinadvertentl
36、ychangetheintentoftheoriginalrequest.ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additionalinformation that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by aninterpretationmayappealtothecognizantASMECommitteeorSubcommittee.ASMEdoesnot“appro
37、ve,”“certify,”“rate,”or“endorse”anyitem,construction,proprietarydevice,oractivity.Attending Committee Meetings. TheSteel StacksStandardsCommitteeregularly holdsmeet-ings, which are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact theSecretaryoftheSteelStacksStandardsCommittee
38、.viINTRODUCTIONThefollowingStandardappliestosteelstacks;i.e.,thosestackswheretheprimarysupportingshellismadeofsteel.Itappliestobothsingle-andmultiple-walledsteelstacks,eitherofwhichcanbelinedorunlined.Italsoappliestosteelstacksthatareguyedortocertainaspectsoftowerstacks.Thestackmaybesupportedonafoun
39、dationorfromanotherstructure.This Standard covers many facets of the design of steel stacks. It outlines the considerationthatmustbemadeforboththemechanicalandstructuraldesign.Itemphasizeswhatconsiderationmustbetakenforwind-andseismic-inducedvibrations.Itgivesguidelinesfortheselectionofmaterial, lin
40、ings, and coatings. It gives the requirements for lighting and lightning protectionbased upon existing building and federal codes. It gives the requirements for climbing andaccessbaseduponcurrentOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)standards.Itemphasizestheimportantareasregardingfabricatio
41、nandconstruction.Itoutlinesareasrequiringmaintenanceandinspectionfollowinginitialoperation.Althoughmanyofthetopicswithintheseguidelinesmaybeusedforallstacks,thisStandardis intended to provide design guidelines for stacks containing nonflammable gases, such ascombustion exhaust gases at low internal
42、pressures. For stacks containing combustible gasesunderpressure,suchasflarestacksandflammablevents,additionaldesignconsiderationsmustbe addressed,including design forinternal pressure,design for internaldeflagration pressure,andcompatibilitywithadjoiningpipingdesignthatisinaccordancewithpipingand/or
43、vesseldesigncodes,suchasASMEB31.3andSectionVIIIoftheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode(BPVC).Inaddition,thematerialsofconstructionreferencedinthisStandardmaynotbeallowedfor use with flammable gases under pressure per ASME B31.3 and Section VIII of the ASMEBPVC;materialssuitableforpressurecontainmentoff
44、lammablegasesarelistedinthesecodes.NoattemptismadewithinthisStandardtodefinetheneedorthemethodstobeusedtoconsidertheseadditionaldesignconsiderations.principles utilizing state-of-the-art information. It is intended for general information. Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensureitsaccuracy,theinformatio
45、nshouldnotberelieduponforanyspecificapplicationwithouttheconsultationofacompetent,licensedprofessionalengineerto determine its suitability. It is therefore recommended that Engineering/Design drawings ofthestackbeartheProfessionalEngineerSeal,signature,anddate.NothingintheStandardshallbeconstruedtoa
46、lterorsubverttherequirementsofanyexistingcodeorauthorityhavingjurisdictionoverthefacility.Furthermore,alternatemethodsandmateri-als to those herein indicated may be used, provided that the engineer can demonstrate theirsuitabilitytoallaffectedagenciesandauthorities.viiINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKviiiASM
47、E STS-12011STEEL STACKS1 MECHANICAL DESIGN1.1 ScopeMechanicaldesignincludessizingofthegaspassage,bothindiameterandheight,andthedropingastemper-atureasheatistransferredthroughthestackwall.Meth-ods for calculating draft, draft losses, and heat lossesare given. Differential expansion of stack component
48、sis discussed. Design considerations for stack appurte-nancesareestablished.1.2 GeneralThepurposeofastackistoventprocessexhaustgasesto the atmosphere. The mechanical design of stacks isnowcontrolledinpartbyairpollutionrulesandregula-tions.Heightsanddiametersaresetbyabalancebetween structural stabili
49、ty and function, while at thesame time meeting the requirements for air pollutioncontroldispersionofthegasestotheatmosphere.Theheightsofsteelstackshaveincreasedtosatisfyambientairquality,andstackinletgastemperatureshavedecreasedasmoreheatenergyisrecovered.Theimpor-tanceofattentiontostackheatlosseshasthereforeincreased.Stackminimummetaltemperatureshouldbeheld above the acid dew point of the vented gases, ifpossible.Stacksarebeingdesignedwithmanyappurte-nancestomonitorthegasesandmakestackinspections.1.3 Size Selection (Height, Diameter, and Shape)1.3.1 Height. Stack height may
