1、Designation: A220/A220M 99 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forPearlitic Malleable Iron1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A220/A220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleabl
3、e iron cast-ings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normalambient to approximately 750F 400C.1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200F650C design factors should be incorporated to compensatefor possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshalland Sommer2and by Pea
4、rson.31.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and processdetails, no quantitative relationship can be stated between theproperties of the iron in the various locations of a casting andthose of a test bar cast from the same iron.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
5、regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4A247 Test Meth
6、od for Evaluating the Microstructure ofGraphite in Iron CastingsA644 Terminology Relating to Iron CastingsE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE140 Hardness Conv
7、ersion Tables for Metals RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness2.2 Military Standard:5MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage2.3 Federal Standard:5Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipme
8、nt (Civil Agencies)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castingsare found in Terminology A644.4. Classification4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-tion is classified in a number of grades as shown in Table 1 andis qualified by tests on
9、 separately cast test bars. Separately casttest bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as thecastings they represent and shall be heat treated with thosecastings.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under thisspecification shall state the specification designati
10、on, the yearin which the specification was issued, and the grade of pearliticmalleable iron to be supplied.5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall
11、 be such as toproduce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-tion.7. Mechanical Requirements7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and theirrelationship to those of test specimens and separate testcastings are discussed in Appendix X1.1This specification is under the jurisd
12、iction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable andDuctile Iron Castings.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A220/A220M 99(2009). DOI: 10.
13、1520/A0220_A0220M-99R14.2Marshall, L. C., and Sommer, G. F., “Stress-Rupture Properties of MalleableIron at Elevated Temperatures,” Proceedings, American Society of Testing andMaterials, Vol 58, pp. 752773.3Pearson, D. A., “Stress-Rupture and Elongation Properties of Malleable Iron atElevated Temper
14、atures,” Transactions, 70th Castings Congress and Exposition,May 9, 1966.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
15、STM website.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17.2 Tensile Test:7.2
16、.1 Tensile Test Specimens:7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the formand dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 using the same kindof molding material used for the production castings.7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified withthe designation of the pour period.7.2.1.
17、3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the sameproduction furnace and for the same cycles as the castings theyrepresent.7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:7.2.2.1 The tensile test is usually performed on unmachinedspecimens. However, for referee work the specimen may bemachined from the standard cast
18、bar to the dimensions shownin Fig. 3.7.2.2.2 Gauge LengthThe gauge length of the standardtensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. 50.0 6 0.3 mm.7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional AreaThe diameter used to com-pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between thelargest and smallest diameter in that se
19、ction of the 2-in.50-mm gauge length having the smallest diameter and shallbe measured to the nearest 0.001 in. 0.02 mm. No cast barhaving a mean diameter less than1932 in. 15 mm shall beaccepted for test.7.2.2.4 Speed of TestingAfter reaching a stress equivalentto approximately half of the anticipa
20、ted yield stress, the speedof the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed0.50 in./mm 12.5 mm/min through the breaking load.7.2.2.5 Yield StrengthYield strength may be determinedby any of the approved techniques described in Test MethodsE8. In referee work it shall be determined at an off
21、set of 0.2 %from the stress-strain curve. Yield strength shall be reported tothe nearest 100 psi megapascal.7.2.2.6 Tensile StrengthThe tensile strength shall be themaximum load carried by the specimen during the test dividedby the original cross-sectional area of the gauge length, asfound in accord
22、ance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to thenearest 100 psi megapascal.7.2.2.7 ElongationThe increase in gauge length after frac-ture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.0.25 mm expressed as a percentage of the original gaugelength. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.7.2.
23、3 Number of Tests and Retests:7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be castfrom a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour periodduring which the purchasers castings were poured.7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualifyeach pour period and heat treatment batch pro
24、vided therequirements of this specification are met by that test specimen.7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of adefect, another tensile test may be made on a companionspecimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fractureoccurs outside the central 50 % of the gauge length.TA
25、BLE 1 Tensile Test RequirementsInch-Pound GradesEnglishGradeTensile Strength,minYield Strength, min Elongation, mnpsi psi 2 in., %40010 60 000 40 000 1045008 65 000 45 000 845006 65 000 45 000 650005 70 000 50 000 560004 80 000 60 000 470003 85 000 70 000 380002 95 000 80 000 290001 105 000 90 000 1
26、Metric GradesMetricGradeTensile Strength,minYield Strength, min Elongation, minMPa MPa 50 mm, %280M10 400 280 10310M8 450 310 8310M6 450 310 6340M5 480 340 5410M4 550 410 4480M3 590 480 3550M2 650 550 2620M1 720 620 1FIG. 1 Unmachined Tension Test SpecimenNOTE 1Modification may be made in the dimens
27、ions indicated abovefor those details of the specimen outside of the gauge length as requiredby testing procedure and equipment.FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test SpecimenNOTE 1The gauge length and filets shall be as shown, but the endsmay be of any shape to fit the holders of the testing ma
28、chine in such a waythat the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taperfrom the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. 0.08 to0.13 mm larger in diameter than the center.FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test SpecimenA220/A220M 99 (2014)27.2.3.4 If the result of a vali
29、d test fails to conform to therequirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. Ifeither of the retests fails to meet specification, the castingsrepresented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A validtest is one wherein the test specimen has been properlyprepared and appears to b
30、e sound and on which the approvedtest procedure has been followed.7.2.3.5 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatmentis needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot ofcastings and the representative test specimens shall be reheattreated together. Testing shall then be repeated
31、 in accordancewith 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.4.7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall beposted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalitiesobserved during the test and in the fractured ends. Such recordsshall be kept for at least one year after production of thecastings and shall b
32、e available for examination by the pur-chaser or by an authorized representative.7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with thissection, must conform to the requirements of Table 1.7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and thepurchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars,
33、or both,shall be saved by the manufacturer for a period of three monthsafter the date of the test report.7.3 Hardness Test:7.3.1 If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing,the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a locationshall be clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).7.3.2 Har
34、dness Test Method:7.3.2.1 The Brinell method of hardness testing in accor-dance with Test Method E10, shall be employed wheneverpossible.7.3.2.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permitBrinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500-kgfload may be employed; the hardness number
35、being reported asHB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible touse the Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted,using Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale.Conversions of hardness values from one method to anotheraccording to Tables E140, that does not specif
36、ically cover castirons, are approximate only and are generally inadvisable.7.3.2.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the castsurface to ensure that the measured hardness is representative.7.3.3 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardnesstesting shall be fully detailed on the purchase a
37、greement.Otherwise hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion ofthe producer.7.3.4 Castings failing to conform to the required hardnessrange may be reheat treated and retested. If after reheat treatingthey still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.7.3.5 Typical hardness r
38、anges for the various grades ofpearlitic malleable iron are listed in Table 2.8. Microstructure Requirements8.1 The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shallconsist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in amatrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation prod-ucts of aus
39、tenite.8.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and theproducer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surfaceafter heat treatment may be stipulated in writing as measuredby visual depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etchingin nital, and viewing at 100.8.3 If the castings are to be
40、subsequently hardened, theselected grade designation should be preceded by the letter L.Such castings shall contain sufficient combined carbon in thematrix to respond satisfactorily to any of the common harden-ing processes properly applied. A minimum hardness of 197HB is recommended. Free ferrite s
41、hall be as low as isconsistent with other properties.8.4 In referee work, the metallographic practice recom-mended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.9. Soundness Requirements9.1 All castings on visual examination, shall be sound andfree from obvious shrinkage and porosity.9.2 If the purchaser re
42、quires soundness tests to beperformed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement andthe method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.10. Dimensional Requirements10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given ondrawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensionsestablished
43、 by the patterns supplied by the purchaser.10.1.1 Variations of solid casting dimensions as shown inTable 3 will be permitted unless otherwise agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the producer.11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance11.1 The surface of the castings shall be clean, free fromsand, and
44、have a workmanlike finish.11.2 No repairing by plugging or welding of any kind shallbe permitted unless written permission is granted by thepurchaser.TABLE 2 Typical Hardness RangesAInch-Pound GradeMetric GradeTypical Hardness,HBTypical IndentationDiameters, mm40010 280M10 149197 4.34.945008 310M8 1
45、56197 4.34.845006 310M6 156207 4.24.850005 340M5 179229 4.04.560004 410M4 197241 3.94.370003 480M3 217269 3.74.180002 550M2 241285 3.63.990001 620M1 269321 3.43.7AHardness test in accordance with Test Method E10 using a 0.39-in. 10-mm balland 6600lbf 3000-kgf load.TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in A
46、ny Solid DimensionSolid Casting Dimension, in. mm Permissible Variation, in. mmUp to 1 up to 25132 0.816 25150116 1.6612 15030018 3.21218 300450632 4.01824 450600316 4.82438 600900732 5.6A220/A220M 99 (2014)312. Identification Marking12.1 When the size of the casting permits, each casting shallbear
47、the identifying mark of the manufacturer and the part orpattern number at a location shown on the covering drawingand, if not shown on the drawing, at such a location at thediscretion of the producer that the identification will notinterfere with subsequent processing and service of the casting.13.
48、Responsibility for Inspection13.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the manufacturer shall be responsible for carrying out allthe tests and inspections required by this specification, usinghis own or other reliable facilities. The manufacturer shallmaintain complete record
49、s of all such tests and inspections.Such records shall be available for review by the purchaser.13.2 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material isbeing produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-cable specification. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shallnot interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturers operations.13.3 The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of
