1、Designation: A31 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Specification forSteel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers steel rivets for use in boilersand pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufactur
3、eof rivets.1.2 Two grades are covered:1.2.1 Grade ABars having a yield point of 23 000 psi(160 MPa) minimum with no controls on carbon content.1.2.2 Grade BBars having a yield point of 29 000 psi(200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.1.2.3 Rivets are manufactured from the applicable bargrade.1
4、.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A29/A29M Specification for Steel Bars, Carb
5、on and Alloy,Hot-Wrought, General Requirements forA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance I
6、nspection2.2 ASME Standards:4B18.1.1 Small Solid Rivets716 Inch Nominal Diameter andSmallerB18.1.2 Large Rivets12 Inch Nominal Diameter and LargerB18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Stan-dard for B18 Fastener Products3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for rivets and bars under this speci
7、fication shallinclude:3.1.1 ASTM designation and date of issue,3.1.2 QuantityNumber of pieces for rivets and weight forbars,3.1.3 Name of product and grade (A or B),3.1.4 Size (diameter and length),3.1.5 Rivet head type,3.1.6 If inspection at point of manufacture is required,3.1.7 Certification, if
8、required (Section 14), and3.1.8 Additional testing or special requirements, if required.3.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, seeASME B18.24.NOTE 1A typical ordering description is: ASTM A31 82, 10 000pieces, steel rivets Grade A,12 by 2 in., button head, test reports required.4. Mat
9、erials and Manufacture4.1 The steel shall be made by any of the followingprocesses: open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen.4.2 Rivets shall be manufactured from rivet bars conform-ing to the applicable grade ordered.4.3 Rivets shall be manufactured by hot- or cold-heading.4.4 Bars shall be f
10、urnished as rolled and not pickled, blastcleaned, or oiled.At producers option, bars may be cleaned forinspection or cold drawn.5. Chemical Composition5.1 The steel shall conform to chemical composition pre-scribed in Table 1.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat of steel shallbe made by the bar
11、 manufacturer to determine for GradesAandB the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, andsulfur. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot takenduring the pouring of the heat. The chemical composition thus1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and
12、is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A31 041. DOI:10.1520/A0031-04R09.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code ap
13、plications see related Specifi-cation SA-31 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
14、M website.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
15、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.determined shall be reported to the purchaser or his represen-tative and shall conform to the requirements for heat analysisin accordance with Table 1.5.3 Product AnalysisAn analysis may be made by thepurchaser from finished materials representing eac
16、h heat. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to therequirements for product analysis prescribed in Table 1.5.4 Application of heats of steel to which bismuth, sele-nium, tellurium, or lead has been intentionally added shall notbe permitted.5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in
17、 accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Rivet Bend Tests:6.1.1 The rivet shank of GradeAsteel shall stand being bentcold through 180 flat on itself, as shown in Fig. 1, withoutcracking on the outside of the bent portion.6.1.2 The rivet shank of Grade
18、 B steel shall stand being bentcold through 180 without cracking on the outside of the bentportion in accordance with Table 2.6.2 Rivet Flattening TestsThe rivet head shall stand beingflattened, while hot, to a diameter 212 times the diameter of theshank, as shown in Fig. 2, without cracking at the
19、edges.6.3 Bar Tensile PropertiesBars shall conform to thetensile requirements in accordance with Table 3.6.4 Bar Bend Tests:6.4.1 The test specimen for Grade A steel bars shall standbeing bent cold through 180 flat on itself without cracking onthe outside of the bent portion.6.4.2 The test specimen
20、for Grade B steel bars shall standbeing bent cold through 180 without cracking on the outsideof the bent portion to an inside diameter which shall have arelation to the diameter of the specimen in accordance withTable 4.7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations7.1 Rivets:7.1.1 The dimensions o
21、f rivets shall conform to B18.1.2 fornominal diameters in. and larger and B18.1.1 for nominaldiameters716 in. and less.7.1.2 Snap gage measurement shall be made at the point ofminimum diameter, but it is not required that the rivet shall turncompletely in the gage. Measurements of the maximum toler-
22、ance shall be made with a ring gage, all rivets to slip full to thehead in the gage of the required size for the various diameters.7.2 BarsThe diameter of hot-finished rivet bars shall notvary from the size specified by more than the amounts inaccordance with Table 5.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appe
23、arance8.1 RivetsThe finished rivets shall be true to form, con-centric, and free of injurious defects.8.2 Bars:8.2.1 Bars shall be free of visible pipe, undue segregation,and injurious surface imperfections.8.2.2 Surface FinishThe bars shall have a commercialhot-wrought finish obtained by convention
24、al hot rolling. See4.4 for producers descaling option.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsGrade A Grade BHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisCarbon, max, % . . . . . . 0.28 0.31Manganese, % 0.300.60 0.270.63 0.300.80 0.270.83Phosphorus, max, % 0.040 0.048 0.040 0.048Sulfur, max, % 0.050 0
25、.058 0.050 0.058FIG. 1 Bend Test of RivetTABLE 2 Bend Requirements, RivetsDiameter ofRivet Shank, in.Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter ofRiver ShankGrade A Grade B34 and underOver34flatflat1112FIG. 2 Flattening Test of RivetTABLE 3 Tensile Requirements, BarsGrade A Grade BTensile strength, psi (MPa
26、) 45 00055 000(310380)58 00068 000(400470)Yield point, min, psi (MPA) 23 000 (160) 29 000 (200)Elongation in 8 in. or 200mm, min, %27 22Elongation in 2 in. or 50mm, min, %33 25TABLE 4 Bend Requirements, BarsSpecimen Diameter, in.Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter ofSpecimenGrade A Grade B34 and unde
27、rOver34flatflat121A31 04 (2009)29. Number of Tests and Retests9.1 RivetsSampling for rivet bend and rivet flatteningtests shall be in accordance with Guide F1470, detectionprocess.9.2 Bars:9.2.1 Two tension tests shall be made from each heat, unlessthe finished material from a heat is less than 50 t
28、ons (45 Mg),when one tension test will be sufficient. However, for material2 in. (51 mm) and under in thickness, when the material fromone heat differs38 in. (9.5 mm) or more in thickness, onetension test shall be made from both the thickest and thethinnest material rolled regardless of the weight r
29、epresented.Each test shall conform to the specified requirements.9.2.2 Retests on bars may be made in accordance withSpecification A29/A29M.10. Specimen Preparation10.1 RivetsRivets shall be tested in their full-size finishedcondition.10.2 Bars:10.2.1 Test specimen selection and preparation shall be
30、 inaccordance with Specification A29/A29M and Test Methodsand Definitions A370.10.2.2 Tension and bend test specimens for rivet bars whichhave been cold drawn shall be normalized before testing.11. Test Methods11.1 RivetsRivet bend and flattening tests shall be inaccordance with the manufacturers st
31、andard test procedures.11.2 BarsTension and bend tests shall be conducted inaccordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370, andespecially Supplement I thereof, on steel bar products.12. Inspection12.1 If the testing described in Section 9 is required by thepurchaser, it shall be specified in the
32、inquiry and contract ororder.12.2 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry at all times, while work on the contract of thepurchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturersworks that concern the manufacture of the material ordered.The manufacturer shall afford the i
33、nspector all reasonablefacilities, without charge, to satisfy him that the material isbeing furnished in accordance with this specification. All tests(except product analysis) and inspection shall be made at theplace of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwisespecified, and shall be so conduc
34、ted as not to interfereunnecessarily with the operation of the works.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 RivetsRivets that fail to conform to the requirementsof this specification may be rejected. Rejection should bereported to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. Incase of dissatisfaction
35、with the results of the test, the produceror supplier may make claim for a rehearing.13.2 BarsRejection and rehearing shall be in accordancewith Specification A29/A29M.14. Certification14.1 When specified on the purchase order, the manufac-turer shall furnish certification that the material was manu
36、fac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification togetherwith a report of the heat analysis (5.2) and mechanical propertytest results (Section 6) as applicable to the product ordered. Thereport shall include the manufacturers name, ASTM designa-tion, grade, heat number (bars only), and aut
37、horized signature.15. Responsibility15.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be theorganization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.16. Packaging and Package Marking16.1 RivetsRivets shall be properly packed and marked toprevent damage and loss during shipment.16.2 BarsBars shall be
38、 packed and marked in accordancewith Specification A29/A29M.17. Keywords17.1 bars; carbon steel; pressure vessel rivets; rivets; steelTABLE 5 Permissible Variations in the Size of Hot-RolledRoundsSpecified Size, in.Variations, from Size, in.Out-of-Round,Ain.Over Under516 and under 0.005 0.005 0.008O
39、ver516 to716 , incl 0.006 0.006 0.009Over716 to58 , incl 0.007 0.007 0.010Over58 to78 , incl 0.008 0.008 0.012Over78 to 1, incl 0.009 0.009 0.013Over 1 to 118 , incl 0.010 0.010 0.015Over 118 to 114 , incl 0.011 0.011 0.016Over 114 to 138 , incl 0.012 0.012 0.018Over 138 to 112 , incl 0.014 0.014 0.
40、021AOut-of-round is the difference between the maximum and minimum diametersof the bar, measured at the same cross section.A31 04 (2009)3SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A31 00,that may impact the use of this stand
41、ard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2004.)(1) Revised Section 15, Responsibility.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any
42、 such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are in
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44、d a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of t
45、his standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A31 04 (2009)4
