1、Designation: A345 09A345 14Standard Specification forFlat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers general procedures for specifying requirements in the procurement and delivery of flat-rolledele
3、ctrical steels for magnetic applications. When an applicable individual specification does not exist, this specification enables theuser to order a suitable material to be supplied under controlled conditions with respect to magnetic quality, sampling, testing,packaging, and so forth, by specifying
4、certain requirements on the purchase order and citing this specification.1.2 IndividualASTM electrical steel specifications that are in conformity with this specification are Specifications A677, A683,A726, A840, A876and , and A876A1086.NOTE 1For more information on other standards associated with t
5、his specification, refer to the following: Test Methods A341/A341M, A343/A343M,A348/A348M, A596/A596M, A712, A717/A717M, A719/A719M, A720/A720M, A721/A721M, A773/A773M, A804/A804M, A889/A889M, A937/A937M, A971/A971M, and Practice A664.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test
6、 methods portion, Section 13, of this specification.This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regul
7、atory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic TestingA341/A341M Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Usi
8、ng D-C Permeameters and the Ballistic TestMethodsA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test FrameA348/A348M Test Method for Alternating Current Magnetic Properties of Materials U
9、sing the Wattmeter-Ammeter-VoltmeterMethod, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cm Epstein FrameA596/A596M Test Method for Direct-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Ballistic Method and Ring SpecimensA664 Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical Steel Grades in ASTM SpecificationsA677
10、Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed TypesA683 Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Semiprocessed TypesA700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment (Withdrawn 2014)3A712 Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft
11、Magnetic AlloysA717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resistivity of Single-Strip SpecimensA719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Magnetic MaterialsA720/A720M Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical SteelA721/A721M Test Method for Ductility of Oriented Electrical SteelA72
12、6 Specification for Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination Quality Steel, Semiprocessed TypesA773/A773M Test Method for dc Magnetic Properties of Materials Using Ring and Permeameter Procedures with dc ElectronicHysteresigraphs1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic
13、 Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on MaterialSpecifications.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009May 1, 2014. Published December 2009May 2014. Originally approved in 1949 to replace A310. Last previous edition approvedin 20042009 as A34504.09. DOI: 10.1520/A0345-09.
14、10.1520/A0345-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historic
15、al standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, AS
16、TM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A804/A
17、804M Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-TypeTest SpecimensA840 Specification for Fully Processed Magnetic Lamination Steel (Withdrawn 2011)3A876 Specification for Flat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel, Fully Pr
18、ocessed TypesA889/A889M Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Low Magnetic Flux Density Using theVoltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter-Varmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein FrameA937/A937M Test Method for Determining Interlaminar Resistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two Adjace
19、nt Test SurfacesA971/A971M Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and Crown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel CoilsA976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for Electrical Steels by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability and ApplicationA1086 Specification for Thin-Gauge Nonoriented Electrical Steel F
20、ully Processed Types3. Terminology3.1 The terms and symbols used in this specification are defined in Terminology A340.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include as much of the following information as necessary to describe thedesired material:4.1.1 Specifi
21、cation A345 or the individual specification number for the specification that shall govern.4.1.2 Class of electrical steel, whether grain-oriented electrical steel, nonoriented electrical steel, or magnetic lamination steel.4.1.3 Whether semi- or fully processed.4.1.4 Core loss type number or standa
22、rd grade designation. If an individual specification is not cited, the limiting value of thecore loss or other magnetic property that shall control, as well as all applicable test conditions and test methods, shall be statedon the order.4.1.5 Insulation coating type.4.1.6 Thickness, width, and lengt
23、h, if in cut lengths instead of coils, for the ordered item.4.1.7 Total weight of ordered item.4.1.8 Limitations on coil size or lift weight.4.1.9 End use. Whenever possible, state a single end use for the desired material. For instance, specify whether it is for punchedor stamped laminations, shear
24、ed laminations, wound cores, formed cores, welded lamination cores, adhesive-bonded cores, and soforth. This will help the producer to provide material with the most desirable physical characteristics for the users fabricatingpractices.4.1.10 Exceptions to the cited specification or a statement of s
25、pecial requirements.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Normally, these electrical steels are composed principally of iron with relatively small amounts of alloying elements suchas silicon and aluminum. Other chemical elements are either in residual amounts or added in small amounts to improve fabricati
26、on.The producer shall provide on request a statement of nominal chemistry being supplied.5.2 The chemical composition and the method of manufacture shall not be unduly prescribed.Any restriction on the conditionsof manufacture shall be negotiated between the producer and the user.5.3 When changes in
27、 the manufacture of successive shipments of material because of changing technology are believed toincrease the likelihood of adverse effects upon magnetic or fabrication performance in the specified end use, the producer shallnotify the user before shipment is made so that he can be afforded an opp
28、ortunity to evaluate the effects.6. Magnetic Properties6.1 Electrical steels are normally graded and purchased to specified maximum coreloss requirements.The user shall make clearto the producer the limiting values of core loss required for the ordered material. The grain direction of the test speci
29、men, whetheras sheared or given a specific anneal, the test induction and frequency, the test method, and other information pertinent to the properqualification of the material shall be specified.6.2 When the desired end use imposes definite limits on other magnetic properties such as specific excit
30、ing power, relativepermeability, coercive field strength, and so forth, the user is responsible for so specifying on the order. The user shall also statewhether specific tests are required for these other properties or whether the specified characteristics are for informational purposesonly.6.3 The
31、user may request statistical monitoring of product quality by the producer. If mutually agreed upon, any deviation fromestablished product quality limits shall be promptly reported to the user prior to shipment even though the steel being providedconforms in all other respects to the specification.A
32、345 1427. Electrical Properties7.1 Electrical steels are normally provided with an electrical resistivity appropriate to the core-loss limit and the specified enduse. If the electrical resistivity must be restricted, the limiting value shall be negotiated with the producer.7.2 The surface insulation
33、 ability inherent in the processing of electrical steels for magnetic applications may differ widely withthe class of electrical steel and the intended end use. Several types of applied coatings are available to attain different levels ofinsulation ability as needed for critical applications. These
34、inherent and applied coating types C-0, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-4AS,C-4-A,C-5, C5-AS,C-5-A, and C-6 are described and characterized in Classification A976. If the inherent mill-processed surface lackssufficient insulating ability for the users purposes, the user shall specify the applied coating type to be
35、 used, whether tests shallbe made by Test Method A717/A717M or Test Method A937/A937M, any special test conditions under these test methods, andany limiting value of the insulation ability.8. Mechanical Properties8.1 Requirements for ductility, lamination factor, tensile or yield strength, and so fo
36、rth that differ from those inherent in theusual product meeting the magnetic requirements should be specified.Any limiting value(s), the test method(s), and test conditionsthat apply should be specified also.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 ThicknessElectrical steels are normally supplied
37、 in certain standardized decimal thicknesses for the various classes ofelectrical steel covered by the individual specifications listed in 1.2. The specified thickness should be one of the standardizeddecimal thicknesses whenever possible. Where the requirements of the end use indicate thicknesses t
38、hat are lighter or heavier thanthose commonly offered, the producer should be consulted by the user and a thickness agreeable to both (and agreement on thecorresponding effects on the magnetic requirements) should be negotiated.9.2 Thickness VariationsThe thickness supplied shall be as close as poss
39、ible to the ordered decimal thickness. The variationswith respect to the ordered thickness may differ appreciably with the class of electrical steel to be provided and the mill equipmentnormally used for its manufacture. The specified thickness tolerances should be no more stringent than required fo
40、r satisfactoryfabrication of the desired end product. The tolerances given in the individual specifications represent normal commercialtolerances. For further details or requirements more stringent than the normal ones, the producer should be consulted.9.3 Width LimitationsMaximum widths that are av
41、ailable are limited by the width capability of the rolling and othersteel-processing equipment used for the manufacture of the various classes of electrical steels. Narrower than economic widths areusually provided as subwidths slit from a more economic width. Tolerances on the ordered width are dep
42、endent on the limitationsimposed by the equipment required for the ordered width. The individual specifications or the producer should be consulted forthe normal tolerances that can be provided.9.4 Cut LengthsMaterial to be supplied as sheets or blanks is generally obtained by shearing from coils. T
43、he tolerancesnormally available may be determined by consulting the individual specifications or the producer of the desired material.9.5 CamberIn cut lengths or coiled strip, the tolerance for the deviation of a side edge from a true straight line touching bothends of the side over a specified leng
44、th may be determined by consulting the individual specifications or the producer of the desiredmaterial.10. Workmanship and Finish10.1 Flatness:10.1.1 Adequately defining a limiting degree of flatness of electrical steels for commercial purposes is extremely difficult.Therefore, no specific limits o
45、r qualifications for flatness evaluation are generally accepted. It is recognized that sharp waves andbuckles are objectionable and that they should be minimized in the delivered material to an extent that will ensure that it is suitablefor fabrication of the intended end product.10.1.2 The user sha
46、ll inform the producer of any requirements for a degree of flatness more critical than that provided by theusual commercial manufacturing practices. Procedures for evaluating the required degree of flatness shall be negotiated betweenthe user and the producer.10.2 Surface DefectsThe surface shall be
47、 reasonably free of loose dust and essentially free of manufacturing defects such asholes, blisters, slivers, indentations, and so forth, which would interfere with its effective use in the intended application. Surfaceoxide and insulation coatings should be thin and tightly adherent.11. Sampling11.
48、1 The producer shall assign a number to each test lot for identification. The test lot shall conform to the requirements ofPractice A34/A34M unless otherwise agreed between the user and the producer.11.2 Samples shall be obtained from full width coils after the final mill heat treatment or the final
49、 operation that may have asignificant influence on the magnetic properties of the steel.A345 14312. Specimen Preparation12.1 The required samples shall be made into specimens suitable for magnetic, electrical, or mechanical tests as required byPractice A34/A34M or by the test method cited in the individual specification or the purchase order. Care should be practiced toeliminate any bent, twisted, dented, highly burred, or improperly prepared pieces from the test specimen.13. Test Methods13.1 The required tests to determine the core-loss grade, and other tests, when re
