1、Designation: A 356/A 356M 07Standard Specification forSteel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel,Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 356/A 356M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stain-less steel and several g
3、rades of ferritic steel castings forcylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and otherheavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5)shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in either inch-p
4、ound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconform
5、ance with the specifi-cation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-fications of Procedures and PersonnelE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 125 Reference Photog
6、raphs for Magnetic Particle Indica-tions on Ferrous CastingsE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 446 Reference
7、 Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.51 mm in ThicknessE 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination2.2 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valveand Fitting Industry Standard:3SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,Flanges, and Fittings and Other Piping Components (Vi-su
8、al Method)3. Classification3.1 The castings are furnished in the grades shown in Table1.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material to this specification should includethe following information:4.1.1 A description of the casting by pattern number ordrawing (dimensional tolerances shall be include
9、d on thecasting drawing),4.1.2 Grade of steel,4.1.3 Options in the specification, and4.1.4 The supplementary requirements desired, includingthe standards of acceptance.5. Melting Process5.1 The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-furnace process.5.2 Deoxidation Practice:5.2.1 Deoxidat
10、ion of the carbon and low-alloy steel gradesshall be by manganese and silicon. Furnace or ladle deoxida-tion with other agents is permissible with the approval of thepurchaser.5.2.2 The purchaser may specify that no aluminum beadded.5.2.3 Vacuum deoxidation is acceptable. The specificmethod shall be
11、 subject to approval by the purchaser.6. Heat Treatment6.1 Preliminary Heat TreatmentThe castings may receivesuch preliminary heat treatment as the founder may elect toemploy.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the di
12、rect responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A 356/A 356M 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
13、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and FittingsIndustry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http:/www.mss-.1*A Summary
14、of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE1ChemicalRequirementsAComposition,%Grade/UNSNumberMaterialCarbonManganeseSiliconPhosphorus,maxSulfur,maxMolybdenumChromiumNick
15、elVanadiumColumbiumNitrogenAluminumOther1J03502carbonsteel0.35Bmax0.70Bmax0.60max0.0350.030.2J1252312%molybdenum0.25Bmax0.70Bmax0.60max0.0350.0300.45-0.65.5J1254012%chromium,12%molybdenum0.25Bmax0.70Bmax0.60max0.0350.0300.40-0.600.40-0.70.6J12073114%chromium,12%molybdenum0.20max0.50-0.800.60max0.035
16、0.0300.45-0.651.00-1.50.8J116971%chromium,1%molybdenum,vanadium0.20max0.50-0.900.20-0.600.0350.0300.90-1.201.00-1.50.0.05-0.15.9J216101%chromium,1%molybdenum,vanadium0.20max0.50-0.900.20-0.600.0350.0300.90-1.201.00-1.50.0.20-0.35.10J22090214%chromium,1%molybdenum0.20max0.50-0.800.60max0.0350.0300.90
17、-1.202.00-2.75.12ACJ840909%chromium,1%molybdenum,vanadium0.08-0.120.30-0.600.20-0.500.0300.0100.85-1.058.0-9.50.40max0.18-0.250.060-0.100.030-0.0700.02maxtitanium,0.01max;zirconium,0.01maxCA6NM J91540martensicchromiumnickel0.06max1.00max1.00max0.0400.0300.4-1.011.5-14.03.5-4.5.AWhereellipsesappearin
18、thistable,thereisnorequirement.BForeach0.01%reductionincarbonbelowthemaximumspecified,anincreaseof0.04percentagepointsofmanganeseoverthemaximumspecifiedforthatelementwillbepermittedupto1.00.CThedesignationofGrade12,formerlycoveredbythisspecification,hasbeenchangedtoGrade12A.A 356/A 356M 0726.2 Heat
19、Treatment for Final Properties:6.2.1 NormalizingThe castings shall be heated to and heldat the proper temperature for a sufficient time to affect thedesired transformation and withdrawn from the furnace andallowed to cool to affect complete transformation. Grade 12Acastings shall be normalized at 19
20、00-1975F 1040-1080Cand withdrawn from the furnace and allowed to cool to affectcomplete transformation.6.2.2 TemperingThe casting shall be heated to and held atthe proper temperature, which shall be below the transforma-tion range, and then cooled under suitable conditions. Thetempering temperature
21、shall not be less than 1100F 595C.Grade 12A castings shall be tempered at 1350-1470F 730-800C.6.2.3 Stress RelievingThe stress relieving operation shallbe carried out in the same manner as tempering. The tempera-ture shall be within 50F 28C, but not exceeding the finaltempering temperature.6.3 Stain
22、less Steel Casting:6.3.1 NormalizingThe castings shall be heated to 1850F1010C minimum, held sufficiently at that temperature touniformly heat the castings, and air cooled to below 200F93C.6.3.2 TemperingThe castings shall be final tempered from1050 to 1150F 565 to 620C.6.3.3 Stress RelievingThe str
23、ess relieving operation shallbe performed in the same manner as tempering. Temperatureshall be between 1050F 565C and 1150F 620C.7. Chemical Composition7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements given inTable 1 (Note 1).NOTE 1The role of alloying elements in the development of Grade12A has been
24、 extensively investigated. V and Cb contribute to precipita-tion strengthening by forming fine and coherent precipitates of M(C,N)Xcarbo-nitrides in the ferritic matrix. V also precipitates as VN duringtempering or creep. The two elements are more effective in combination.Therefore, the addition of
25、strong nitride-forming elements, those with astronger affinity for nitrogen than Cb and V, as deoxidation agents duringmelting of this grade, interferes with these high-temperature strengtheningmechanisms.48. Tensile Requirements8.1 Tensile properties shall conform to the requirementslisted in Table
26、 2 as determined by the test specimen set forth inSection 9.8.2 Tension tests shall be performed in accordance with TestMethods and Definitions A 370.9. Number of Tests and Retests9.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat in eachheat-treatment charge and from each casting on which attachedco
27、upons are specified. The bar from which the test specimen istaken shall be heat treated with the casting represented.9.2 If any test specimen shows defective machining ordevelops flaws, it shall be discarded and another specimensubstituted from the same heat.9.3 If the results of the mechanical test
28、s for any lot orcasting do not conform to the requirements specified, thefounder may reheat treat and retest such lot or casting.10. Test Specimen10.1 Tension test specimens and samples for microexami-nation may be taken from coupons conforming substantially tothe dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and from
29、 the locations in thecoupon as indicated in Fig. 1. These coupons shall have beencast attached to the castings, except as provided in 10.2, andhave remained attached, without partial severing, until thecompletion of the heat treatment for final properties.10.2 If, in the opinion of the manufacturer,
30、 the design of anycasting is such as to preclude the use of an attached coupon,then the tension test specimen and sample for microexamina-tion for that casting may be taken from a coupon attached to aspecial block. The coupon shall conform substantially to thedimensions shown in Fig. 1 and shall hav
31、e remained attached,without partial severing, to its special block until after all heattreatment for final properties.10.3 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castingsinstead of from test coupons when agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.10.4 Tension test specimens shall be
32、machined to the formand dimensions of the standard round 2-in. 50-mm gage-length specimen shown in Fig. 5 of Test Methods and Defini-tions A 370.4Viswanathan, R. and Bakker, W. T., Materials for Ultra Supercritical FossilPower Plants, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, 2000. TR-114750.TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
33、Grade MaterialTensile Strength,min, ksi MPaYield Strength,min, ksi MPaElongation in 2in. 50 mmmin, %Reduction ofArea, min,%1 carbon steel 70 485 36 250 20.0 35.0212 % molybdenum 65 450 35 240 22.0 35.0512 % chromium,12 % molybdenum 70 485 40 275 22.0 35.06114 % chromium,12 % molybdenum 70 485 45 310
34、 22.0 35.08 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 80 550 50 345 18.0 45.09 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 85 585 60 415 15.0 45.010 214 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum 85 585 55 380 20.0 35.012A 9 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 85 585 60 415 20.0 . . .CA6NM martensitic chromium nickel 110
35、760 80 550 15.0 35.0A 356/A 356M 07311. Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry, at all times while work on the contract of thepurchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturersworks that concern the manufacture of material ordered. Themanufacturer s
36、hall afford the inspector all reasonable facilitiesto satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordancewith this specification. All tests (except product analysis) andinspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior toshipment, and shall be so conducted as not to interfereunne
37、cessarily with operation of the works.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Any rejection based on tests made in accordance withSections 7 or 8, or both, shall be reported to the manufacturerwithin 60 days from the receipt of samples by the purchaser.12.2 Material that shows injurious defects subsequent t
38、o itsacceptance at the manufacturers works will be rejected, andthe manufacturer shall be notified.12.3 Samples tested in accordance with Section 7 thatrepresent rejected material shall be preserved for 60 days fromthe date of transmission of the test report. In case of dissatis-faction with the res
39、ult of the tests, the manufacturer may makeclaim for a rehearing within that time.13. Certification13.1 The manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser acertified record of the results of the chemical analysis andmechanical tests, together with a statement that all the require-ments of this specifica
40、tion (including year date) have been met.14. Product Marking14.1 Pressure-containing castings, made in accordance withany of the grades of steel covered by this specification, shall bemarked for material identification with the ASTM symbols forthe grade of alloy steel (Grade 1, Grade 2, and so forth
41、) and theheat number or heat identification. Marking shall be positionedso as not to impair the usefulness of the castings.15. Quality Assurance15.1 Surface FinishThe castings shall be clean whenoffered for inspection. A standard practice that may be used asa basis for visual inspection is SP-55.15.
42、2 SoundnessThe degree of soundness and the methodfor its determination shall be subject to agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser. Castings may be produced inaccordance with Supplementary Requirement S2, Supplemen-tary Requirement S3, Supplementary Requirement S4, or anycombination of t
43、hese.15.3 WeldingAssembly welds and repair welds shall bemade using procedures and welders qualified under PracticeA 488/A 488M.15.3.1 Welding shall be accomplished with a filler materialknown to produce weld deposits having a chemical composi-tion and mechanical properties compatible with those of
44、thecastings.15.3.2 Welds shall be inspected to the same quality stan-dards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.2.1 When castings are produced with SupplementaryRequirement S2 specified, welds shall be inspected by mag-netic particle examination to the same standards as are used toinspect the ca
45、stings.15.3.2.2 When castings are produced with SupplementaryRequirement S3 specified, welds shall be inspected by radiog-raphy to the same standards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.3 Welds shall receive at least a stress-relief heat treat-ment. A complete heat treatment consisting of a nor
46、malize andtemper may be required for certain welds, subject to agreementbetween the manufacturer and purchaser.15.3.4 When methods involving high temperatures are usedin the removal of discontinuities, casting shall be preheated toat least the minimum temperatures in Table 3.FIG. 1 Dimensions and Lo
47、cation of Test Coupons for Turbine CastingsA 356/A 356M 07415.3.5 Assembly and repair welds on Grade 12A shall bepost-weld heat treated at 1350-1470F 730-800C.16. Keywords16.1 carbon steel; low-alloy steel; stainless steel; steamturbines; steel castingsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSAny of the following
48、supplementary requirements may become a part of the specification whenspecified on the inquiry or invitation to bid, and when made a part of the purchase order or contractafter mutual agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser on the exact standards to be applied toeach method of inspection.S1.
49、 Microstructural RequirementsS1.1 There shall be no microstructural requirements forGrade 1.S1.2 The microstructural requirements of grades, other thanGrade 1, may be specified by the purchaser.S1.3 If microstructural requirements are specified by thepurchaser, he shall furnish suitable standards to serve as asatisfactory basis for acceptance
