1、Designation: A 437/A 437M 06Standard Specification forAlloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially HeatTreated for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 437/A 437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers alloy-steel bolting materialspecially heat treat
3、ed for high-temperature service, such assteam turbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. This materialrequires special processing and should not be used in general-purpose applications. The term “bolting material,” as used inthis specification, covers rolled or forged bars, bolts, nuts,screws, washers,
4、 studs, and stud bolts. The bars shall be hotwrought. The material may be further processed by centerlessgrinding or by cold drawing.1.2 The high-temperature properties of the material coveredby this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment,which is required. Although the high-tempera
5、ture propertiesare not specified, they are implied by control of the chemistry,heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the mate-rial.NOTE 1High-temperature tests shall not be required, unless made amatter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.1.3 Three levels of bolting
6、strength are covered, designatedGrades B4B, B4C, and B4D. Selection will depend on thedesign and the stresses and service for which the product is tobe used.NOTE 2When ordering material under this specification, or whenincorporating this specification as a reference in any individual specifica-tion,
7、 the purchaser must designate the steel by identification symbol oranalysis, or both, and definitely specify the minimum mechanical prop-erties required as selected from Table 1.1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature areprovided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supple-mentar
8、y requirements shall apply only when specified indi-vidually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound unitsand in SI units. However, unless the order specifies theapplicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-rial shall
9、 be furnished to inch-pound units.1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of
10、the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirementsfor Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intendedfor Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to t
11、he CreepRange3. Common Requirements3.1 Material and Fasteners supplied to this specificationshall conform to the requirements of Specification A 962/A 962M. These requirements include test methods, finish,thread dimensions, marking, certification, optional supplemen-tary requirements, and others. Fa
12、ilure to comply with therequirements of Specification A 962/A 962M constitutes non-conformance with this specification. In case of conflict be-tween this specification and Specification A 962/A 962M, thisspecification shall prevail.4. Ordering Information4.1 The inquiry and order should indicate the
13、 following:4.1.1 Specification designation, grade and class, issue dateand revision letter,4.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),4.1.3 Description (bars, bolts, nuts, etc.),1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is t
14、he direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and BoltingMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2
15、004 as A 437/A 437M 04.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-437 in Section II of that code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
16、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.4 Dimensions,4.1.5 Finish, and4.1.6 I
17、mpact testing of nuts, if required (see Section 9).5. Discard5.1 A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot toensure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.6. Heat Treatment6.1 The material Grades B4B and B4C shall be heated to atemperature range of 1875 to 1925 F 1025 to 1050 C
18、 andliquid quenched to below 600 F 316 C. The material GradesB4B and B4C shall then be uniformly reheated for temperingat a tempering temperature at least 100 F 55 C higher thanthe proposed operating temperature but not less than 1150 F620 C, then air or furnace cooled to room temperature. Themateri
19、al shall be at the tempering temperature for a minimumof 2 h. Double tempering may be used to enhance properties.6.2 Material Grade B4D shall be heated to a temperaturerange of 1700 to 1750 F 925 to 954 C and oil quenched.The material shall then be uniformly reheated or tempered at atemperature of 1
20、200 F 650 C minimum, followed by air orfurnace cooling to room temperature.6.3 Stress relieving treatment of the bar material is requiredafter any stretcher, roller, or rotary-straightening or cold-finishing operations performed after heat treatment for me-chanical properties. Local gagging or press
21、 straightening tocorrect camber limitations in excess of 1/4 in. in any 5 ft 6 mmin any 1.5 m shall be followed by a stress relieving heattreatment. The minimum stress relieving temperature shall be100 F 55 C below the minimum tempering temperature asshown in 6.1 for Grades B4B and B4C or in 6.2 for
22、 GradeB4D.7. Chemical Composition7.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition specified in Table 2.8. Tensile Requirements8.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as totensile properties prescribed in Table 1 at room temperatureafter heat treatment.8.2 The l
23、ongitudinal axis of the test specimen shall beparallel to the direction of rolling.9. Impact Requirements9.1 The material Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D shall conformto the requirements as to impact properties prescribed in Table3 at room temperature after heat treatment.10. Hardness Tests10.1 The materia
24、l Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D shall con-form to the requirements as to hardness as prescribed in Table4 and Table 5 at room temperature after heat treatment.11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance11.1 Standard permissible variations of bars shall be as setforth in Table 6.12. Nuts and Washers12.1 When
25、specified by the purchaser, the nuts shall besubject to the impact and tension requirements of this specifi-cation. The tests shall be made on test specimens taken fromthe bar or plate used in the manufacture of the nuts.13. Threads13.1 All threads shall be formed after heat treatment.14. Nondestruc
26、tive Inspection14.1 Each bar or forged blank of starting material shall besubjected to NDE following final heat treatment. The methodused shall be either the Eddy Current (EC), the MagneticParticle (MPI) (wet or dry), the Liquid Penetrant (LPI), theUltrasonic (UT), or the Visual Testing (VT), at the
27、 option of theproducer. For LPI or MPI, linear indications (those indicationslonger than116 in. 1.5 mm with a length greater than threeTABLE 1 Tensile RequirementsGrade Diameter, in. mm TensileStrength,min, ksiMPaYieldStrength(0.2 %offset) min,ksi MPaElongationin 2 in. or50 mm,min, %Reductionof Area
28、,min, %B4B . 145 1000 105 720 13 30B4C . 115 790 85 585 18 50B4D 212 65 and under 125 105 18 50860 720over 212 to465to1001107609565517 45over 4 to 7 100 to1801006908558516 45TABLE 2 Chemical RequirementsAElement Grades B4B, B4CBGrade B4DRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderRange, % ProductVariat
29、ion, %,Over orUnderCarbon 0.200.25 0.02 0.360.44 0.02Manganese 0.501.00 0.03 0.450.70 0.03Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSulfur, max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSilicon 0.200.50 0.05 0.200.35 0.02Nickel 0.501.00 0.03 . .Chromium 11.012.5 0.15 0.801.15 0.05Molybdenum 0.901.25 0.0
30、5 0.500.65 0.03Vanadium 0.200.30 0.03 0.250.35 0.03Tungsten 0.901.25 0.05 . .Aluminum, maxC0.05 . 0.015 .Titanium, max 0.05 . . .Tin, max 0.04 . . .ASteel to which lead has been added shall not be used.BUNS S42200.CTotal, Soluble + InsolubleTABLE 3 Impact RequirementsGrade Minimum Impact Value, ftlb
31、f JB4B 10 14B4C 25 34B4DA25 34AFor bars over 5-in. 127-mm diameter only.A 437/A 437M 062times their width) are unacceptable. For UT or ET, reject levelsfor linear indications shall be based on the alarm response froma surface notch with a maximum depth of 0.012 in. .30 mmin a calibration bar. Produc
32、t being subjected to VT shall bepickled prior to inspection. VT indications longer than18 in.are prohibited.15. Keywords15.1 boltssteel; chromium alloy steel; fastenerssteel;marking on fasteners; nutssteel; steel barsalloy; steelbolting material; temperature service applicationshigh; tur-bine materi
33、alsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified bythe purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order; in which event the specified tests shall be made beforeshipment of the product.S1. Non-Destructive ExaminationS1.1 NDE is requ
34、ired following all machining and thread-ing. The acceptance criteria of 14.1 shall apply.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A 437/A 437M 04, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved March 1, 2006)
35、(1) Revised paragraph 3.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infrin
36、gement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard
37、 or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views
38、 known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting
39、 ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 4 Hardness Requirements for Bolts and StudsGrade Brinell Hardness Number, maxB4B 331B4C 277B4D 302TABLE 5 Hardness Requirements for Nuts and WashersG
40、rade Brinell Hardness Number Rockwell Hardness NumberB4B 293341 C 3137B4C 229277 C 2129B4D 263311 C 2733TABLE 6 Permissible Variations in Size of Hot-Rolled BarsSpecified Size, in. mm Permissible Variationsfrom SpecifiedSize, in. mmOut of Round,in. mmOver Under516 8 and under 0.005 0.13 0.005 0.13 0
41、.008 0.20Over516 to716 8 to 11 incl 0.006 0.15 0.006 0.15 0.009 0.23Over716 to58 11 to 16 incl 0.007 0.18 0.007 0.18 0.010 0.25Over58 to78 16 to 22 incl 0.008 0.20 0.008 0.20 0.012 0.30Over78 to 1 22 to 25 incl 0.009 0.23 0.009 0.23 0.013 0.33Over 1 to 118 25 to 29 incl 0.010 0.25 0.010 0.25 0.015 0
42、.38Over 118 to 114 29 to 32, incl 0.011 0.28 0.011 0.28 0.016 0.41Over 114 to 138 32 to 35, incl 0.012 0.30 0.012 0.30 0.018 0.46Over 138 to 112 35 to 38, incl 0.014 0.36 0.014 0.36 0.021 0.53Over 112 to 2 38 to 50, incl164 0.4164 0.4 0.023 0.58Over 2 to 212 50 to 65, incl132 0.8 0 0.023 0.58Over 212 to 312 65 to 90, incl364 1.2 0 0.035 0.89Over 312 to 412 90 to 115, incl116 1.6 0 0.046 1.17Over 412 to 512 115 to 140, incl564 2.0 0 0.058 1.47Over 512 to 612 140 to 165, incl18 3.2 0 0.070 1.78Over 612 to 712 165 to 190, incl532 4.0 0 0.085 2.16A 437/A 437M 063
