1、Designation: A451/A451M 06 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forCentrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A451/A451M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers austenitic alloy steel pipe foruse in high-temperature, co
3、rrosive, or nuclear pressure service.1.2 Several grades of austenitic stainless steel are covered asindicated in Table 1.1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are providedwhen additional testing may be required.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separate
4、ly as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exactly equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of each other. Combining values fromthe two systems may result in nonconformance with thespecification.NOTE 1This specific
5、ation is not intended to cover centrifugal pipemade from alloys containing more than 0.20 % carbon, such as arecovered by Specification A297/A297M.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, forGenera
6、l ApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA999/A999M Specification for General Requirements forAlloy and Stainless Steel PipeE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiographic Examin
7、ationE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to
8、2 in.(50.8 mm) in Thickness2.2 ANSI Standard:B46.1 Surface Texture43. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include thefollowing, as required, to describe the desired material ad-equately:3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),3.1.2 Name of material (ce
9、ntrifugally cast pipe),3.1.3 Grade (Table 1),3.1.4 Size (outside or inside diameter and minimum wallthickness in inches or millimetres),3.1.5 Length (specific or random, Specification A999/A999M),3.1.6 End Finish of Specification A999/A999M,3.1.7 Optional Requirements (9.4 and Supplementary Re-quire
10、ments S1 through S7),3.1.8 Test Report Required (Section 14), and3.1.9 Special Requirements or Additions to Specification.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Heat-TreatmentThe pipe shall receive a heat-treatment at the temperature and time specified in Table 2,followed by a quench in water or rapid cool
11、 by other means.4.2 MachiningThe pipe shall be machined on the innerand outer surfaces to a roughness value no greater than250-in. 6.35-m arithmetical average deviation (AA) fromthe mean line, as defined in American National StandardB46.1.5. Chemical Analysis5.1 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat
12、 shall be madeby the manufacturer to determine the percentages of elementsspecified in Table 1. The analysis shall be made on a test1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 o
13、n Castings.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A451/A451M 06.DOI: 10.1520/A0451_A0451M-06R10.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related specifica-tion SA-451 in Section II of tha
14、t Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute
15、(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sample taken preferably during the pouring of the heat. Thechemica
16、l composition thus determined shall conform to therequirements specified in Table 1.5.2 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser. The sample for analysis shall be selected so as tobe thoroughly representative of the pipe being analyzed. Thechemical composition thus determined s
17、hall conform to therequirements specified in Table 1.5.3 To determine conformance with the chemical analysisrequirements, an observed value or calculated value shall berounded in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest unit inthe last right-hand place of values listed in Table 1.6. Tensile Requi
18、rements6.1 Test Specimens:6.1.1 Test specimens shall be prepared in accordance withTest Methods and Definitions A370. Test bars shall be pouredin special blocks from the same heat as the castings repre-sented. Test bars shall be supplied in sufficient number tofurnish all specimens required in 6.2 a
19、nd 6.3 (see Table 3).6.1.2 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castingsinstead of from test bars when agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.6.1.3 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the formand dimensions of the standard round 2-in. 50-mm gagelength specimens shown in
20、 Fig. 6 of Test Methods andDefinitions A370.6.2 Number of Tests:6.2.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat. The barfrom which the test specimen is taken shall be heat-treated inthe same manner as the castings represented.6.2.2 If a specimen is machined improperly or flaws arerevealed by mac
21、hining or during testing, the specimen may bediscarded and another substituted from the same heat.6.3 RetestsIf the results of the mechanical tests for anyheat do not conform to the requirements specified, the castingsmay be reheat-treated and retested, but may not be solution-treated more than twic
22、e.7. Hydrostatic Test7.1 Each length of pipe shall be hydrostatically tested inaccordance with Specification A999/A999M.7.2 It is realized that the foundry may be unable to performthe hydrostatic test prior to shipment, or that the purchaser maywish to defer testing until additional work has been pe
23、rformedon the casting. In such cases, the foundry is responsible for thesatisfactory performance of the casting when it is tested.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsComposition, %GradeCar-bon,maxMan-ga-nese,maxPhos-pho-rus,maxSul-fur,maxSili-con,maxNickel ChromiumMolybde-numColumbiumTan-ta-lum,maxNitrogen
24、CPF3 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.012.0 17.021.0 . . . .CPF3A 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.012.0 17.021.0 . . . .CPF8 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.011.0 18.021.0 . . . .CPF8A 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.011.0 18.021.0 . . . .CPF3M 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 9.013.0 17.021.0 2.03.0 . . .CPF8M 0.08 1
25、.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 9.012.0 18.021.0 2.03.0 . . .CPF10MCA0.10 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 13.016.0 15.018.0 1.752.25 1.2 max, 10 3 C min . .CPF8CA0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 9.012.0 18.021.0 . 1 max, 8 3 C min . .CPF8C(Ta max)B0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 9.012.0 18.021.0 . 1 max, 8 3 C min 0.10 .CPH8CPH20
26、or CPH100.080.20C1.501.500.0400.0400.0400.0401.502.0012.015.012.015.022.026.022.026.0.CPK20 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.75 19.022.0 23.027.0 . . . .CPE20N 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 8.011.0 23.026.0 . . . 0.080.20AGrades CPF10MC and CPF8C may have a columbium plus tantalum content maximum of 1.35 %.BNo
27、designation as yet assigned by ASTM International or Steel Founders Society of America.CBy agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the carbon content of Grade CPH20 may be restricted to 0.10 % max. When so agreed, the gradedesignation shall be CPH10.TABLE 2 Heat-Treatment RequirementsG
28、radeTemperature, min Hold Time,h/in. ofThicknessF CCPF3, CPF3A, CPF8, CPF8A, CPF3M,CPF8M1900 1040 1CPF10MC, CPF8C, CPF8C (Ta max) 1950 1065 2CPH8, CPH10, CPH20, CPK20 2100 1150 1CPE20N 2225 1220 1TABLE 3 Tensile RequirementsGradeTensileStrength,min, ksi MPaYieldStrength,min, ksiMPaElongationin2in.or
29、 50 mm,minCPF3 70 485 30 205 35CPF3AA77 535 35 240 35CPF3M 70 485 30 205 30CPF8 70 485 30 205 35CPF8AA77 535 35 240 35CPF8M 70 485 30 205 30CPF10MC 70 485 30 205 20CPH10 70 485 30 205 30CPF8C (Ta max), CPF8C 70 485 30 205 30CPH8 65 448 28 195 30CPK20 65 448 28 195 30CPH20 70 485 30 205 30CPE20N 80 5
30、50 40 275 30AThe properties shown are obtained by adjusting the composition within thelimits shown in Table 1 to obtain a ferrite-austenite ratio that will result in the higherultimate and yield strengths indicated. A lowering of impact values may develop inthese materials when exposed to service te
31、mperature above 800F 425C.A451/A451M 06 (2010)28. Quality8.1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visuallyand shall be free from cracks and hot tears. Other surfacedefects shall be judged in accordance with visual acceptancecriteria which may be specified in the order.9. Rework and Retreatme
32、nt9.1 Defects as defined in Section 8 shall be removed andtheir removal verified by visual inspection of the resultantcavities. Defects which are located by inspecting with Supple-mentary Requirement S6 or S7, or both, shall be removed orreduced to an acceptable size.9.2 If removal of the defect doe
33、s not infringe upon theminimum wall thickness, the depression may be blendeduniformly into the surrounding surface.9.3 If the cavity resulting from defect removal infringesupon the minimum wall thickness, weld repair is permittedsubject to the purchasers approval. The composition of theweld rod used
34、 shall be suitable for the composition of the metalbeing welded.9.3.1 Only operators and procedures qualified in accordancewith ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, shallbe used. All repair welds will be inspected to the same qualitystandards used to inspect the casting.9.4 Postweld hea
35、t-treatment of the repaired casting is nei-ther required nor prohibited.10. Permissible Variations in Dimensions10.1 ThicknessThe wall thickness shall not vary over thatspecified by more than18 in. (3 mm). There shall be novariation under the specified wall thickness.11. General Requirements11.1 Mat
36、erial furnished under this specification shall con-form to the applicable requirements of the current edition ofSpecification A999/A999M, unless otherwise provided herein.12. Rejection12.1 Each length of pipe received from the manufacturermay be inspected by the purchaser and, if it does not meet th
37、erequirements of the specification based on the inspection andtest method as outlined in the specification, the pipe may berejected and the manufacturer shall be notified. Disposition ofrejected pipe shall be a matter of agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser.13. Rehearing13.1 Samples t
38、hat represent rejected material shall be pre-served for 2 weeks from the date of transmission of the testreport. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, themanufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.14. Certification14.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contra
39、ct or order,a manufacturers certification that the material was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification, togetherwith a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the timeof shipment.15. Product Marking15.1 Each length of pipe shall be legibly marked with themanufacture
40、rs name or brand, the letters ASTM, the specifi-cation number, and grade. In addition, heat numbers, or serialnumbers that are traceable to heat numbers, shall be marked oneach length of pipe.16. Keywords16.1 austenitic; centrifugally cast; height; high-temperatureservice; stainless steel; steel cas
41、tingsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSSupplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by the purchaser. Details of thesupplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The specifiedtests shall be performed by the manufacturer prior to shipment of the casting
42、s.S1. Additional Tension TestsS1.1 Additional tension tests shall be made at a temperatureto be specified by the customer, and the properties to be met area matter of agreement between purchaser and manufacturer.S2. Flattening TestS2.1 The flattening test shall be made on specimens fromone or both e
43、nds of each length of pipe. If the specimen fromany end of any length fails to conform to the requirements ofSpecification A999/A999M, that length shall be rejected.S3. PhotomicrographsS3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish one photomicrographat 100 diameters from one specimen of as-finished pipe frome
44、ach heat in each heat-treatment lot. Such photomicrographsshall be suitably identified as to pipe size, wall thickness, andheat. Such photomicrographs are for information only, to showthe actual metal structure of the pipe as furnished. No photo-micrographs for the individual pieces purchased shall
45、berequired except as specified in Supplementary Requirement S4.A451/A451M 06 (2010)3S4. Photomicrographs for Individual PiecesS4.1 The manufacturer shall furnish photomicrographs fromone or both ends of each pipe. All photomicrographs requiredshall be properly identified as to heat number, size, and
46、 wallthickness of pipe from which the section was taken. Photomi-crographs shall be further identified to permit association ofeach photomicrograph with the individual length of pipe itrepresents.S5. Metal Structure and Etching TestsS5.1 Etching tests (Note S1) shall be made on transversesections fr
47、om the pipe and shall reveal the macrostructure ofthe material. Such tests are for information only.NOTE S1Pending development of etching methods applicable to theproduct covered by this specification, it is recommended that the Recom-mended Practice for a Standard Macroetch Test for Routine Inspect
48、ion ofIron and Steel be followed.5S6. Radiographic ExaminationS6.1 The castings shall be examined for internal defects bymeans of X rays or gamma rays. The inspection procedure shallbe in accordance with Guide E94 and the types and degrees ofdiscontinuities considered shall be judged by Reference Ra
49、dio-graphs E446, E186,orE280. The extent of examination andthe basis for acceptance shall be subject to agreement betweenthe manufacturer and the purchaser.S7. Liquid Penetrant ExaminationS7.1 The castings shall be examined for surface disconti-nuities by means of liquid penetrant inspection. The method ofperforming the liquid penetrant test shall be in accordance withTest Method E165. The areas to be inspected, the methods andtypes of liquid penetrants to be use
