1、Designation: A677 12A677 16Standard Specification forNonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel shallconf
3、orm.1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency(50 and 60 Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed during millprocessing, so additional heat treatment by the
4、user is usually not necessary.1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containingup to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount of aluminum.1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) SI units are to be regard
5、ed as standard. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magne
6、tic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic TestingA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test FrameA664 Practice for Identification of Standard
7、Electrical Steel Grades in ASTM SpecificationsA700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for ShipmentA717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resistivity of Single-Strip SpecimensA719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Magnetic MaterialsA720/A720M Test Met
8、hod for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical SteelA937/A937M Test Method for Determining Interlaminar Resistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two Adjacent Test SurfacesA971/A971M Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and Crown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel CoilsA976 Classification of Insulating Coat
9、ings for Electrical Steels by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability and ApplicationE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE92 Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardne
10、ss, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb HardnessE384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms and symbols used in this specification are defined in Terminology A340.4. Classificat
11、ion4.1 The nonoriented electrical steel types described by this specification are as shown in Table 1.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on MaterialSpecifications.Current edition approved
12、 Nov. 1, 2012April 1, 2016. Published December 2012April 2016. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 asA677A677 12.07. DOI: 10.1520/A0677-12.10.1520/A0677-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serv
13、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.
14、Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 1
15、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include as much of the following information as necessary to describe thedesired material adequately:5.1.1 ASTM specification number.5.1.2
16、Core-loss type number.5.1.3 Surface coating type.5.1.4 Thickness, width, and length (if in cut lengths instead of coils).5.1.5 Total weight of ordered item.5.1.6 Limitations in coil size or lift weights.5.1.7 End UseThe user shall disclose as much pertinent information as possible about the intended
17、 application to enable theproducer to provide material characteristics most suitable for specific fabricating practices.5.1.8 Special requirements or exceptions to the provisions of this specification.6. Manufacture6.1 Typical Melting and Casting :6.1.1 These fully processed electrical steels may be
18、 made by basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or other steelmaking practice.6.1.2 These electrical steels are characterized by low carbon, usually less than 0.020 %. The principal alloying element iscommonly silicon, but aluminum up to about 0.8 % is sometimes used instead of or in addition to silicon, d
19、epending onmill-processing practice for the desired magnetic grade. Individual producers will often have different silicon or aluminum contentsfor a particular grade because of intrinsic mill-processing procedures.6.1.3 Sulfur content is typically less than 0.025 % and is usually lowest in the numbe
20、red types representing lowest core loss.Manganese is typically present in amounts between 0.10 and 0.40 %. Phosphorus, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum,antimony, and tin are usually present only in residual amounts except in the higher numbered core-loss types in which phosphorusup to 0.15 % and
21、 tin or antimony up to 0.10 % may be present.6.1.4 The producer is not required to report chemical composition of each lot except when a clear need for such informationhas been shown. In such cases, the analyses to be reported shall be negotiated between the producer and the user.TABLE 1 Core-Loss T
22、ypesA and Maximum Core LossesB at a Magnetic Flux Density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 60 HzCfor As-Sheared Epstein SpecimensD0.0140-in. (0.36-mm) Thickness 0.0185-in. (0.47-mm) Thickness 0.0250-in. (0.64-mm) ThicknessCore-Loss Type Maximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg) Core-Loss Type Maximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)
23、Core-Loss Type Maximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)36F145 1.45 (3.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36F155 1.55 (3.42) 47F165 1.65 (3.64) 64F200 2.00 (4.41)36F165 1.65 (3.64) 47F180 1.80 (3.97) 64F210 2.10 (4.63)36F175 1.75 (3.86) 47F190 1.90 (4.19) 64F225 2.25 (4.96)36F185 1.85 (4.08) 47F200 2.00 (4.
24、41) 64F235 2.35 (5.18)36F195 1.95 (4.30) 47F210 2.10 (4.63) 64F250 2.50 (5.51)36F205 2.05 (4.52) 47F240 2.40 (5.29) 64F275 2.75 (6.06). . . . . . . . . 47F280 2.80 (6.17) 64F320 3.20 (7.05). . . . . . . . . 47F400 4.00 (8.82) 64F500 5.00 (11.02). . . . . . . . . 47F450 4.50 (9.92) 64F550 5.50 (12.13
25、)TABLE 1 Core-Loss TypesA and Maximum Core LossesB at a Magnetic Flux Density of 1.5 T (15 kG) and 60 HzCfor As-Sheared Epstein SpecimensD0.36 mm (0.0140 in.) Thickness 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) Thickness 0.64 mm (0.0250 in.) ThicknessCore-Loss Type Maximum Core Loss, Core-Loss Type Maximum Core Loss, Co
26、re-Loss Type Maximum Core Loss,W/kg (W/lb) W/kg (W/lb) W/kg (W/lb)36F145 3.20 (1.45) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36F155 3.42 (1.55) 47F165 3.64 (1.65) 64F200 4.41 (2.00)36F165 3.64 (1.65) 47F180 3.97 (1.80) 64F210 4.63 (2.10)36F175 3.86 (1.75) 47F190 4.19 (1.90) 64F225 4.96 (2.25)36F185 4.08
27、(1.85) 47F200 4.41 (2.00) 64F235 5.18 (2.35)36F195 4.30 (1.95) 47F210 4.63 (2.10) 64F250 5.51 (2.50)36F205 4.52 (2.05) 47F240 5.29 (2.40) 64F275 6.06 (2.75). . . . . . . . . 47F280 6.17 (2.80) 64F320 7.05 (3.20). . . . . . . . . 47F400 8.82 (4.00) 64F500 11.02 (5.00). . . . . . . . . 47F450 9.92 (4.
28、50) 64F550 12.13 (5.50)A See Practice A664.B The test density shall be the correct ASTM assumed density (in accordance with 14.2) for the chemistry used by the producer to meet the property requirements of thespecification.C Maximum core losses at a magnetic flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T)1.5 T (15 kG
29、) and 50 Hz are 0.79 times maximum core losses at 60 Hz.D One half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction, one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling direction.A677 1626.2 Typical Rolling and Annealing The processing sequence for fully processed, nonoriented electrical
30、steel compriseshot-rolling, annealing, pickling, cold-rolling, and decarburizing annealing.6.3 When changes in the manufacture of the material are believed to exert possible significant effects upon the users fabricatingpractices and upon the magnetic performance to be obtained in the specified end
31、use, the producer shall notify the user beforeshipment is made so the user has an opportunity to evaluate the effects.7. Magnetic Properties7.1 Specific Core LossEach core-loss type of electrical steel is identified by a maximum core-loss limit as shown in Table 1.7.2 PermeabilityThe permeability at
32、 all inductions magnetic flux density values shall be as high as possible, consistent withthe required core-loss limits that govern the grade. Typical relative peak permeability (p) values are given in Appendix X1.7.3 Specific Exciting PowerThe knowledge of the approximate value of rms exciting powe
33、r required for the excitation of aparticular type of electrical steel is frequently useful to the user. Typical values of specific exciting power are given in AppendixX1.7.4 Magnetic AgingAlthough steel sold to this specification is considered non-aging, the maximum core-loss values of Table1 are ba
34、sed on tests of freshly sheared specimens. The guarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment is subject tonegotiation between the user and the producer. The definition of aging coefficient and the aging treatments usually specified aregiven in Terminology A340.8. Surface Insulation Chara
35、cteristics8.1 Unless otherwise specified, fully processed nonoriented electrical steels are supplied with a smooth surface finish and a thin,tightly adherent surface oxide (Coating Type C-0 in Classification A976) which has sufficient insulating ability for most smallcores.8.2 Applied Coatings:8.2.1
36、 Several types of thin, tightly adherent applied coatings (CoatingTypes C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 in Classification A976) withhigher levels of insulating ability are available on fully processed nonoriented electrical steels. If an applied coating is needed, theuser shall specify the coating type.8.2.2
37、 If the insulating ability of the applied coating is unusually critical to the application, the user shall specify not only thecoating type, but also the test method (either Test Method A717/A717M or Test Method A937/A937M) and test conditions to beused to evaluate the insulating ability of the coat
38、ing, as well as the corresponding minimum value of insulating ability.8.2.3 Athinner-than-usual applied coating may be preferred when the core-fabricating practice involves welding or die casting.In such cases, the coating type shall be suffixed by the letter “A.”9. Mechanical Requirements and Physi
39、cal Properties9.1 Lamination FactorThe lamination factor shall be as high as practicable. It is greatest for thicker gages and when thesurface is smooth, uncoated, and without significant amounts of oxide. Lamination factors can be determined using Test MethodA719/A719M. Typical values of lamination
40、 factor are given in Appendix X1.9.2 DuctilityThe material shall be as ductile as possible. When required, the ductility can be determined by the bend test forductility as described in Test Method A720/A720M. Ductility is a function of microstructure and may differ between producers.The users anneal
41、 may also affect ductility. Typical values for ductility are given in Appendix X1.9.3 HardnessThe hardness of these materials can be determined using Test Methods E18 or Test Method E92E384. Hardnessis affected by chemistry and by the grain size and microstructure of the final product. Typical value
42、s for the hardness of“as-produced” materials are given in Appendix X1.10. Dimensions and Permissible Variations10.1 ThicknessSpecified thickness should be one of the common thicknesses as follows:Thickness, in. (mm)Thickness, mm (in.)0.0140 (0.36)0.36 (0.0140)0.0185 (0.47)0.47 (0.0185)0.0250 (0.64)0
43、.64 (0.0250)10.2 Thickness VariationsThe average thickness of the material supplied shall be as close as possible to the ordered thickness.Measurements made with a contacting micrometer at points no closer than 38 in. (10 mm)10 mm (0.375 in.) from the edge of asheet or coil of specified width shall
44、not differ from the specified thickness by more than the values (which include taper) shownin Table 2.A677 16310.3 TaperThe rolling of flat-rolled sheets inherently produces an edge which is thinner than the rest of the sheet. Thischaracteristic is termed “tapered edge,” “feather,” or gamma and occu
45、rs primarily within 1 to 2 in. (25 to 51 mm)25 to 51 mm (1to 2 in.) from the as-rolled edge of the material. The thickness variation involved in edge taper sometimes is the major portion ofthe total overall thickness variation permitted by 10.2. Edge taper is defined and may be measured in accordanc
46、e with Test MethodA971/A971M. It may be expected that the following limits on the differences in thickness measured along a straight lineperpendicular to the mill edge within the first 2 in. (50 mm)50 mm (2 in.) or less from either edge of the ordered width will apply:Ordered Thickness, in. (mm) Max
47、imum Taper, in. (mm)Ordered Thickness, mm (in.) Maximum Taper, mm (in.)0.0140 (0.36) 0.0010 (0.025)0.36 (0.0140) 0.025 (0.0010)0.0185 (0.47) 0.0012 (0.030)0.47 (0.0185) 0.030 (0.0012)0.0250 (0.64) 0.0014 (0.036)0.64 (0.0250) 0.036 (0.0014)10.4 Width TolerancesMaximum deviations from the ordered widt
48、h shall be as shown in Table 3.10.5 Length TolerancesThe maximum deviations from the ordered length shall be as shown in Table 4.10.6 CamberCamber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on the concaveside with a straightedge. It is limited to 14 in
49、. (6.4 mm) per 96 in. (2.4 m)6.4 mm (0.25 in.) per 2.4 m (96 in.) of length.10.7 Out of SquareThis tolerance applies to cut lengths only and represents the deviation of an edge from a straight line placedat a right angle to the side, touching one corner and extending to the other side. It shall not exceed 116 in. (1.6 mm) per 6 in. (152mm)1.6 mm (0.062 in.) per 152 mm (6 in.) of width or fraction thereof.11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance11.1 FlatnessAdequately defining the degree of flatness necessary for the general application of fully processed
