1、Designation: A781/A781M 18cStandard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements thatare mandatory requirements of the following
3、 steel castingspecifications issued by ASTM. If the product specificationspecifies different requirements, the product specification shallprevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M St
4、eel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA5
5、60/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A890M Casti
6、ngs, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958/A958M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Requiremen
7、ts Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additionaltesting or inspection is desired an
8、d apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specifica-tion and this general specification shall prevail in the sequencenamed.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard
9、. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recogni
10、zed principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification
11、for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, HighStrength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant,for
12、General ApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA380/A380M Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passi-vation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Te
13、mperatureServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-cations of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and NickelAlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-NickelAlloy1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on S
14、teel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A781/A781M 18b.DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-18C.2For referen
15、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrigh
16、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International
17、 Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1A609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,Iron-Chrom
18、ium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysi
19、s of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep-tance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Aus
20、tenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to StandardWrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and FerroalloysA958/A958M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon andAll
21、oy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Require-ments Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA967/A967M Specification for Chemical Passivation Treat-ments for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsA1002 Specifi
22、cation for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or-dered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of SteelProductsMetricA1067/A1067M Specification for Test Coupons for SteelCastingsA1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, StainlessSteel, and Related Alloy CastingsE29 Practice for Using Signifi
23、cant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-dustrial Radiographic FilmE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-tions on Ferrous CastingsE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination forGeneral Industry
24、E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412 in.(50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12in. (114 to 305 mm) Steel CastingsE340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maragin
25、g, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3.
26、 Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370,Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Methods A1058 are applicable to this specifi-cation and to those listed in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimenwill
27、 be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in atest.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separaterefining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unlessotherwise specified in t
28、he individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above2000 F 1100 C, then the working zone shall have beenestablishe
29、d by a survey performed at not more than 25 F15 C below nor more than 200 F 110 C above theminimum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. Ifa minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for thegrade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50 F30 C below nor more than
30、 175 F 100 C above thefurnace set point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature, asdetermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the lowest temperature, shall be as agreed between thepurchaser and producer, except that during production heattreatment no portion of
31、the furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature for the grade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materialscovered by this specification shall be in accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Termino
32、logy A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be madeby the manufacturer to determine the percentages of theelements specified in the individual specification for the gradebeing poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample,preferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When dr
33、illingsare used, they shall be taken not less than14 in. 6.4 mmbeneath the surface. The chemical composition thus deter-mined shall conform to the requirements in the individualspecification for the grade being poured.A781/A781M 18c25.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser
34、from material representing each heat, lot, orcasting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than14 in.6 mm to a cast surface, except that castings too thin for thisshall be analyzed on representative material. The chemicalcompositi
35、on thus determined shall meet the requirementsspecified in the applicable specification for the grade involved,or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that thechemical composition determined for carbon and low-alloysteel and stainless steel castings may vary from the specifiedlimit
36、s by the amounts shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respec-tively. The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1 and 2 are notapplicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by thecasting manufacturer. When comparing product and heatanalysis for other than carbon and low-alloy steels and stainlesssteel
37、s, the reproducibility data R2, in Test Methods E353 orE354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for el-ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade subst
38、itution is not permitted.Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for thesupplied material such that the material conforms to therequirements of a different grade.6. Mechanical Test RequirementsNOTE 1The tension testing requiremen
39、ts of this specification areintended only to characterize the tensile properties of the heat fordetermination of conformance to the requirements of the applicableproduct specification. Such testing procedures are not intended to definethe upper or lower limits of tensile properties at all possible t
40、est locationswithin a heat. It is well known and documented that tensile properties willvary within a heat or individual casting as a function of chemicalcomposition, processing, testing procedure, and other factors.3It is,therefore, incumbent on designers and engineers to use sound engineeringjudge
41、ment when using tension test results.6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whethermechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specificationshould be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, whenmec
42、hanical properties are required by the productspecification, test coupons may be cast integrally with thecastings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Specifica-tion A1067/A1067M, Fig. 1, Fig. 2, or Fig. 4, except whenSupplementary Requirement S15 is specified. The test couponin Specification
43、A1067/A1067M, Fig. 4 may be employed onlyfor austenitic stainless steel and nickel-base alloy castings withcross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.6.3 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings, atthe producers or the purchasers option, instead of fromseparately cast test coupons.6.4 Choice
44、 of testing track from the options listed in TestMethods A1058 when material is ordered to an M-suffix (SIunits) product standard should be identified by the purchaser inthe ordering information. If the choice of test track is notspecified in the order, then the default ASTM track shall beused as no
45、ted in Test Methods A1058.6.5 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shallbe heat treated in production furnaces to the same procedure asthe castings it represents.6.6 The specimens may be cast to shape or machined fromcoupons to dimensions in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitions A3
46、70.6.7 To determine conformance with the tension testrequirements, an observed value or calculated value shall berounded off in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest0.5 ksi 5 MPa for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest1 % for elongation and reduction of area. In the special case ofro
47、unding the number “5” when no additional numbers otherthan “0” follow the “5,” rounding shall be done in the directionof the specification limits if following Practice E29 wouldcause rejection of material.3Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on testcoupons obtained as
48、 specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may befound in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society ofAmerica, pp.1535 through 1543, 1980.TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances Carbon and Low-AlloySteelsElement Range, %ATolerancesB,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit,
49、 %C upto0.65above 0.650.03 % CL+ 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 % MnL+ 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 % PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 % SL+ 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL+ 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL+ 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 % MoL+ 0.030.06V upto0.25above 0.250.23 % VL+ 0.0040.06W upto0.10above 0.100.08 % WL+ 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 % CuL+ 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % AlL+ 0.020.03AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances a
