1、Designation: A 985/A 985M 04aStandard Specification forSteel Investment Castings General Requirements, forPressure-Containing Parts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 985/A 985M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of common require-ments that are mandatory for steel ca
3、stings produced by theinvestment casting process for pressure-containing parts undereach of the following ASTM Specifications:Title of Specification ASTM DesignationSteel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, A 216/A 216Mfor High-Temperature ServiceSteel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and
4、Alloy, for A 217/A 217MPressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceCastings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), A 351/A 351Mfor Pressure-Containing PartsSteel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure- A 352/A 352MContaining Parts, Suitable for Low-TemperatureServic
5、eSteel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for A 389/A 389MPressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceSteel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A 487/A 487M1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements, which may be applied to the above specific
6、ationsas indicated therein. These requirements are provided for usewhen additional testing or inspection is desired and apply onlywhen specified individually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 When investment casting is ordered, the requirements ofthis specification shall take precedence over the ind
7、ividualmaterial specification requirements.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are tobe regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SIunits are shown in brackets. The values in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used inde-pendently o
8、f the other. Combining values from the two systemsmay result in nonconformance with this specification. Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to SpecificationA 985 and SI units for material ordered to Specification A985M.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
9、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 216/A 216M Specification for Steel
10、 Castings, Carbon,Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Ser-viceA 217/A 217M Specification for Steel Castings, Martensi-tic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts,Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceA 351/A 351M Specification for Castings, Austenitic,Austenitic-Ferritic (Dup
11、lex), for Pressure-Containing PartsA 352/A 352M Specification for Steel Castings, Ferriticand Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitablefor Low-Temperature ServiceA 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 389/A 389M Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy,
12、Specially Heat-Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts,Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceA 487/A 487M Specification for Steel Castings Suitablefor Pressure ServiceA 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-fications of Procedures and PersonnelA 609/A 609M Practice for Castings, Carbo
13、n, Low-Alloy,and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA 800/A 800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austentic Alloy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA 903/A 903M Specification for Steel Castings, Su
14、rfaceAcceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Pen-etrant InspectionA 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibili
15、ty of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A 985/A 985M 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
16、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
17、es.A 991/A 991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsE 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Part
18、icle Indica-tions on Ferrous CastingsE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 192 Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castingsof Aerospace ApplicationsE 208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weigh
19、t Test toDetermine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of FerriticSteelsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE 353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Ot
20、her Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(51 mm) in ThicknessE 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination2.2 AN
21、SI Standard:3B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings2.3 ASME Standard:4ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III,NB-25462.4 Standards of the Manufacturers Standardization Soci-ety of the Valve and Fitting Industry:5MSS SP 53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,Flanges and Fi
22、ttings, and Other Piping Components (DryMagnetic Particle Inspection Method)MSS SP 54 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,Flanges and Fittings, and Other Piping Components (Ra-diographic Inspection Method)2.5 SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice:6ARP 1341 Determining Decarburization and Car
23、burizationin Finished Parts of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions in Test Methods and Defi-nitions A 370 and Terminology A 941 are applicable to thisspecification and those listed in 1.1.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat, nall the molte
24、n metal poured from a singlefurnace or all of the molten metal from two or more furnacespoured into a single ladle or casting prior to the replenishing ofthe furnace(s).3.2.2 investment casting, na metal casting that is pro-duced in a mold obtained by investing (surrounding) anexpendable pattern wit
25、h a ceramic slurry, which is allowed tosolidify. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, orother material and is removed prior to filling the mold withliquid metal.3.2.3 master heat, na single furnace charge of alloy thatmay be either poured directly into castings or into remelt alloyfor
26、 individual melts.3.2.4 subheat, na portion of master heat remelted withonly minor additions for deoxidation for pouring into castings.Syn. melt, production heat.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessMaster heats shall be made by theelectric furnace process with or without separate refining
27、 suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), and soforth, unless otherwise specified in the individual specificationor agreed upon between the customer and producer. Masterheats may be used directly for producing castings or convertedinto
28、 ingot, bar, shot, or other suitable form, not including gatesand risers from casting production, for later remelting as asubheat.4.2 Re-Melting ProcessSubheats shall be produced frommaster heat metal in suitable batch sizes by electric inductionfurnace, with or without atmosphere protection, such a
29、svacuum or inert gas unless otherwise agreed upon between thecustomer and producer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, andrejected castings) shall not be remelted except in master heats.4.3 Heat Treatment:4.3.1 Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled afterpouring to provide substantially complete
30、 transformation ofaustenite prior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical prop-erties.4.3.2 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA 991/A 991M.4.3.2.1 When castings are heat treated at temperaturesabove 2000F 1100C, then t
31、he working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25F15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the mini-mum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If aminimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for thegrade, then the survey temperature shall be not
32、 more than 50F30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnaceset point used.4.3.2.2 The maximum variation in measured temperature asdetermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between thepurchaser and producer except that during produ
33、ction heattreatment no portion of the furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature for the grade being processed.4.4 Sampling:3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available fr
34、om American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.5Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and FittingsIndustry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602.6Available from Society of Automotive En
35、gineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.A 985/A 985M 04a24.4.1 If castings are poured directly from one or moremaster heats, then the samples for chemical and other requiredtesting also shall be poured directly from each of the masterheats.4.4.2 If castings are poured from a su
36、bheat, then the samplesfor chemical and other required testing also shall be pouredfrom a subheat of that same master heat, but not necessarilyfrom the same subheat as the castings. The subheat used for thetest samples shall be produced using the same practices andadditions as used for the castings.
37、4.4.3 Test specimens may be taken from castings or fromcoupons cast either integrally with the castings, in the samemolds as the castings, or in separate molds.4.4.4 Separately cast specimens for tension testing shall becast in molds of the same type and material as those used forthe castings, as sh
38、own in Figs. 1-4 and Table 2, except whenSupplementary Requirement S26 is specified. The test couponin Fig. 4 shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castingswith cross sections less than 212 in.75. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materialscovered by this specificat
39、ion shall be in accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of samples obtained inaccordance with 4.4 or Supplementary Requirement S27 asappropriate, shall be made by the manufacturer to determinethe percentages of the elements specified for the grade b
40、eingpoured. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not lessthan116 in. 1.6 mm beneath the surface. The chemicalcomposition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser,or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements inthe individual specification for the grade being poured.5
41、.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser from material representing each master heat,subheat, lot, or casting. The analysis shall be made onrepresentative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall betaken no closer than116 in. 1.6 mm to a cast surface exceptthat castings t
42、oo thin for this shall be analyzed on representa-tive material. The chemical composition thus determined shallmeet the requirements specified in the applicable specificationfor the grade involved, or shall be subject to rejection by thepurchaser, except that the chemical composition determined forca
43、rbon and low-alloy steel castings may vary from the speci-fied limits by the amounts shown in Table 1. The product7Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on testcoupons obtained as specified in 4.4.4 with those obtained from the casting may befound in “The Steel Castings
44、 Handbook,” Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society ofAmerica, 1980, pp. 15-35 through 15-43.Metric Equivalentsin. 0.00518 0.252 0.375 0.385916 1 3mm 0.15 3 6.40 9.50 9.75 15 30 75FIG. 1 Design and Dimensions of the ICI Test BarTABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances for Carbon and Low-AlloySteelsElement
45、RangeATolerancesB,Cover maxor under min, Limit, %Carbon (C) up to 0.65 % 0.03 3 %CL+ 0.02above 0.65 % 0.04 %Manganese (Mn) up to 1 % 0.08 3 %MnL+ 0.01above 1 % 0.09Silicon (Si) up to 0.60 % 0.22 3 %SiL- 0.01above 0.60 % 0.15 %Phosphorus (P) all 0.13 3 %PL+ 0.005Sulfur (S) all 0.36 3 %SL+ 0.001Nickel
46、 (Ni) up to 2 % 0.10 3 %NiL+ 0.003above 2 % 0.25 %Chromium (Cr) up to 2 % 0.07 3 %CrL+ 0.04above 2 % 0.18 %Molybdenum (Mo) up to 0.6 % 0.04 3 %MoL+ 0.03above 0.6 % 0.06 %Vanadium (V) up to 0.25 % 0.23 3 %VL+ 0.004above 0.25 % 0.06 %Tungsten (W) up to 0.10 % 0.08 3 %WL+ 0.02above 0.10 % 0.02 %Copper
47、(Cu) up to 0.15 % 0.18 3 %CuL+ 0.02above 0.15 % 0.05 %Aluminum (Al) up to 0.10 % 0.08 3 %AlL+ 0.02above 0.10 % 0.03 %AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which the tolerances arecomputed by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by aconstant.BThe subscriptLfor the elements
48、 in each equation indicates that the limits ofthe element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit, ifapplicable, respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in thefootnote C.CTo
49、compute the tolerances, consider the manganese limits 0.50 - 80 % ofGrade WC4 of Specification A 217/A 217M. According to Table 1, the maximumpermissible deviation of a product analysis below the lower limit 0.50 is 0.05 % =(0.08 3 0.50 + 0.01). The lowest acceptable product analysis of Grade WC4,therefore, is 0.45 %. Similarly, the maximum permissible deviation above the upperlimit of 0.80 % is 0.074 % = (0.08 3 0.08 + 0.01). The highest acceptable productanalysis of Grade WC4, therefore is 0.874. For Grade WCC of Speci
