1、Designation: B243 12B243 13Standard Terminology ofPowder Metallurgy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that are helpful in the interpretation and application of powder metallurgyterms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
3、ndards:B331 Test Method for Compressibility of Metal Powders in Uniaxial Compaction3. Terminology3.1 PowderTerms associated with production, characterization, use, and testing of metal powders.Table of Contents3.1.1 Table of Contents1. Powders:1.0 General, 3.1.21.1 Processes to Produce Powder, 3.1.3
4、1.2 Types of Powder, 3.1.41.3 Shapes of Powder Particles, 3.1.51.4 Additives to Powder, 3.1.61.5 Treatment of Powder, 3.1.71.6 Properties of Powder, 3.1.81.7 Procedures to Evaluate Powder, 3.1.91.8 Equipment to Evaluate Powder, 3.1.102. Forming:2.0 General, 3.2.12.1 Processes for Compacting, 3.2.22.
5、2 Conditions of Compacting,2.3 Tools Used for Compacting, 3.2.32.4 Phenomena Resulting from Compaction, 3.2.42.5 Properties of Compacts, 3.2.62.6 Forging, 3.2.72.7 Metal Injection Molding, 3.2.83. Sintering:3.1 Process for Sintering, 3.3.13.2 Conditions During Sintering, 3.3.23.3 Phenomena Resulting
6、 from Sintering, 3.3.33.4 Properties of Sintered Parts, 3.3.43.5 Procedure to Evaluate Sintered Parts, 3.3.53.6 Removal of Binders, 3.3.61 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB09.0
7、1 on Nomenclature and Technical Data.Current edition approved July 15, 2012Nov. 1, 2013. Published October 2013December 2013. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20112012as B243 11.B243 12. DOI: 10.1520/B0243-12.10.1520/B0243-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is
8、 intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the
9、current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Postsinter Treatments:4.1 Processes, 3.4.15. Miscellaneous:5.1 Definitions, 3.5.15.2 Proc
10、esses, 3.5.25.3 Materials, 3.5.33.1.2 General:agglomerate, nseveral particles adhering together.metal powder, nparticles of elemental metals or alloys, normally less than 1000 m (1 mm) in size.particulate matter, nsee powder.PM, nthe acronym for powder metallurgy.powder, nparticles that are usually
11、less than 1000 m (1 mm) in size.powder metallurgy, nthe production and utilization of metal powders.1 Powders1.0 General 3.2.11.1 Processes to Produce Powder 3.2.81.2 Types of Powder 3.2.201.3 Shapes of Powder Particles 3.2.441.4 Additives to Powder 3.2.531.5 Treatment of Powder 3.2.601.6 Properties
12、 of Powder 3.2.651.7 Procedures to Evaluate Powder 3.2.921.8 Equipment to Evaluate Powder 3.2.962 Forming2.0 General 3.3.12.1 Processes for Compacting 3.3.132.2 Conditions of Compacting2.3 Tools Used for Compacting 3.3.302.4 Phenomena Resulting from Compaction 3.3.442.5 Properties of Compacts 3.3.60
13、2.6 Forging 3.3.652.7 Metal Injection Molding 3.3.733 Sintering3.1 Process for Sintering 3.4.13.2 Conditions During Sintering 3.4.133.3 Phenomena Resulting from Sintering 3.4.203.4 Properties of Sintered Parts 3.4.413.5 Procedure to Evaluate Sintered Parts 3.4.593.6 Removal of Binders 3.4.614 Postsi
14、nter Treatments4.1 Processes 3.5.15 Miscellaneous5.1 Definitions 3.6.15.2 Processes 3.6.75.3 Materials 3.6.143.1.3 Processes to Produce Powder:air classification, nthe separation of powder into particle size fractions by means of an air stream of controlled velocity.atomization, nthe dispersion of a
15、 molten metal into particles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical means.chemical deposition, nthe precipitation of one metal from a solution of its salts by the addition of another metal or reagentto the solution.chemically precipitated metal powder, npowder produced by the redu
16、ction of a metal from a solution of its salts either by theaddition of another metal higher in the electromotive series or by other reducing agent.classification, nseparation of a powder into fractions according to particle size.disintegration, nthe reduction of massive material to powder.gas classi
17、fication, nthe separation of powder into particle size fractions by means of a gas stream of controlled velocity.granulation, nthe production of coarse metal particles by pouring the molten metal through a screen into water (shotting) orby violent agitation of the molten metal while solidifying.mill
18、ing, nthe mechanical treatment of metal powder, or metal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the size or shape ofthe individual particles or to coat one component of the mixture with another.pulverization, nthe reduction in particle size of metal powder by mechanical means, a specific type
19、of disintegration.B243 132reduced metal powder, nmetal powder produced, without melting, by the chemical reduction of metal oxides or othercompounds.3.1.4 Types of Powder:atomized metal powder, nmetal powder produced by the dispersion of a molten metal by a rapidly moving gas, or liquidstream, or by
20、 mechanical dispersion.carbonyl powder, na metal powder prepared by the thermal decomposition of a metal minuted powder, na powder produced by mechanical attrition of solid metal or pletely alloyed powder, nsee pre-alloyed posite powder, na powder in which each particle consists of two or more disti
21、nct constituents.dendritic powder, nparticles, usually of electrolytic origin, having the typical pine tree structure.diffusion-alloyed powder, na partially alloyed powder produced by means of a diffusion anneal.electrolytic powder, npowder produced by electrolytic deposition or by the pulverization
22、 of an electrodeposit.hybrid-alloy powder, na pre-alloyed or diffusion-alloyed powder to which either elemental or master-alloy metal powders havebeen admixed.hydrogen-reduced powder, npowder produced by the reduction of a metal oxide in an atmosphere containing hydrogen.master-alloy powder, na powd
23、er with high alloy concentration, designed to be diluted when mixed with a base powder toproduce the desired composition.matrix metal, nthe continuous phase of a polyphase alloy or mechanical mixture; the physically continuous metallicconstituent in which separate particles of another constituent ar
24、e embedded.mechanically alloyed powder, na composite powder produced by mechanically incorporating other constituents which aregenerally insoluble within the deformable particles of the matrix metal.mixed powder, nsee powder mixture.nanopowder, na powder consisting of particles typically less than 1
25、00 nm in size.partially alloyed powder, na powder in which the alloy addition or additions are metallurgically bonded to an elemental orpre-alloyed powder.powder mixture, na powder made by mixing two or more powders of differing chemical composition, particle size distribution,particle shape, or a c
26、ombination of these characteristics.pre-alloyed powder, npowder composed of two or more elements that are alloyed in the powder manufacturing process inwhich the particles are of the same nominal composition throughout. Synonymous with completely alloyed powder.premix, na uniform mixture of ingredie
27、nts to a prescribed analysis, prepared by the powder producer, for direct use incompacting powder metallurgy products.sponge iron, na coherent, porous mass of substantially pure iron produced by solid-state reduction of iron oxide (for example,iron ore or mill scale).sponge iron powder, nground and
28、sized sponge iron, which may have been purified or annealed or both.sponge metal, nany porous metal produced by the reduction or decomposition of a compound at temperature below the meltingpoint of the metalsponge metal powder, na powder produced from a sponge metal by mechanical methods of size red
29、uction.3.1.5 Shapes of Powder Particles:acicular powder, nneedle-shaped particles.flake powder, nflat or scale-like particles whose thickness is small compared with the other dimensions.granular powder, nparticles having approximately equidimensional nonspherical shapes.irregular powder, nparticles
30、lacking symmetry.needles, nelongated rod-like particles.nodular powder, nirregular particles having knotted, rounded, or similar shapes.platelet powder, na powder composed of flat particles having considerable thickness (as compared with flake powder).spherical powder, nglobular-shaped particles.3.1
31、.6 Additives to Powder:binder, na cementing medium; either a material added to the powder to increase the green strength of the compact, and whichis expelled during sintering; or a material (usually of relatively lower melting point) added to a powder mixture for the specificpurpose of cementing tog
32、ether powder particles which alone would not sinter into a strong body.dispersion-strengthened material, na material consisting of a metal and finely dispersed, substantially insoluble, metallic ornonmetallic phase.feedstock, nin metal injection molding (MIM), a moldable mixture of metal powder and
33、binder.lubricantmaterial used to reduce inter-particle friction and the friction between the powder mass and the tooling.lubricant (admixed), na lubricant incorporated into a powder mixture.lubricant (die-wall), na lubricant applied to the tooling surfaces to facilitate ease of movement of the tooli
34、ng and the removalof the compact or part from the tooling.B243 133pore-forming material, na substance included in a powder mixture that volatilizes during sintering and thereby produces adesired kind and degree of porosity in the finished compact.3.1.7 Treatment of Powder:blending, nthe thorough int
35、ermingling of powders of the same nominal composition (not to be confused with mixing).cross-product contamination, nthe unintentional mixing of powders with distinct differences in either physical characteristicsor chemical composition or both.equalizing, nsee blending.mixing, nthe thorough intermi
36、ngling of powders of two or more materials.3.1.8 Properties of Powder:angle of repose, nthe basal angle of a pile formed by powder when freely poured under specified conditions onto a horizontalsurface.apparent density, nthe mass of a unit volume of powder, usually expressed as grams per cubic centi
37、metre, determined by aspecified method.bulk density, nthe mass per unit volume of a powder under nonstandard conditions, for example, in a shipping container (notto be confused with apparent density).compactibility, na conceptual term, encompassing the powder characteristics of compressibility, gree
38、n strength, edge retention,and lamination tendency, that relates to the ability of a powder to be consolidated into a usable green pressibility, nthe capacity of a metal powder to be densified under a uniaxially applied pressure in a closed die.DISCUSSIONCompressibility is measured in accordance wit
39、h Test Method B331 and may be expressed numerically as the pressure to reach a specified density, oralternatively the density at a given pressure.2compression ratio, nthe ratio of the volume of the loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it. Synonymous withfill ratio.cut, nsee fraction.f
40、ill ratio, nsee compression ratio.fines, nthe portion of a powder composed of particles which are smaller than a specified size, currently less than 44 m. Seealso superfines.flow rate, nthe time required for a powder sample of standard weight to flow through an orifice in a standard instrumentaccord
41、ing to a specified procedure.fraction, nthe portion of a powder sample that lies between two stated particle sizes. Synonymous with cut.green density, nthe mass per unit volume of an unsintered PM part or test specimen.hydrogen loss, nthe loss in weight of metal powder or of a compact caused by heat
42、ing a representative sample for a specifiedtime and temperature in a purified hydrogen atmospherebroadly, a measure of the oxygen content of the sample when appliedto materials containing only such oxides as are reducible with hydrogen and no hydride-forming element.impregnated density, nthe mass pe
43、r unit volume of a sintered PM part or test specimen, impregnated with oil or otherlubricants. Synonymous with density (wet).minus sieve, nthe portion of a powder sample which passes through a standard sieve of specified number. (See plus sieve.)oversize powder, nparticles coarser than the maximum p
44、ermitted by a given particle size specification.particle size, nthe controlling lineal dimension of an individual particle as determined by analysis with sieves or other suitablemeans.particle size distribution, nthe percentage by weight, or by number, of each fraction into which a powder sample has
45、 beenclassified with respect to sieve number or microns. (Preferred usage: “particle size distribution by frequency.”)plus sieve, nthe portion of a powder sample retained on a standard sieve of specified number. (See minus sieve.)segregation, nthe separation of one or more constituents of a powder,
46、for example, by particle size or chemical composition.sieve fraction, nthat portion of a powder sample that passes through a standard sieve of specified number and is retained bysome finer sieve of specified number.sintered density, nthe mass per unit volume of a sintered PM part or test specimen no
47、t impregnated with oil or other lubricant.Synonymous with density (dry).specific surface, nthe surface area of one gram of powder, usually expressed in square centimetres.subsieve fraction, nthe portion of powder passing through a 45-m (no. 325) sieve.superfines, nthe portion of a powder composed of
48、 particles that are smaller than a specified size, currently less than 10 m.tap density, nthe apparent density of the powder in a container that has been tapped under specified conditions.3.1.9 Procedures to Evaluate Powder:screen analysis, nsee sieve analysis.2 See Test Method B331.B243 134sieve an
49、alysis, nparticle size distribution; usually expressed as the weight percentage retained upon each of a series of standardsieves of decreasing size and the percentage passed by the sieve of finest size. Synonymous with screen analysis.sieve classification, nthe separation of powder into particle size ranges by the use of a series of graded sieves.3.1.10 Equipment to Evaluate Powder:powder flow meter, nan instrument for measuring the rate o
