1、Designation: B689 97 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Specification forElectroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requireme
3、nts for electro-plated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineer-ing applications, for example, for use as a buildup for misma-chined or worn parts, for electronic applications, including asunderplates in contacts or interconnections, and in certainjoining applications.1.2 Electroplatin
4、g of nickel for engineering applications(Note 1) requires technical considerations significantly differ-ent from decorative applications because the following func-tional properties are important:1.2.1 Hardness, strength, and ductility,1.2.2 Wear resistance,1.2.3 Load bearing characteristics,1.2.4 C
5、orrosion resistance,1.2.5 Heat scaling resistance,1.2.6 Fretting resistance, and1.2.7 Fatigue resistance.NOTE 1Functional electroplated nickel coatings usually contain about99 % nickel, and are most frequently electrodeposited from a Watts nickelbath or a nickel sulfamate bath. Typical mechanical pr
6、operties of nickelelectroplated from these baths, and the combined effect of bath operationand solution composition variables on the mechanical properties of theelectrodeposit are given in Guide B832. When electroplated nickel isrequired to have higher hardnesses, greater wear resistance, certainres
7、idual stress values and certain leveling characteristics, sulfur and othersubstances are incorporated in the nickel deposit through the use of certainaddition agents in the electroplating solution. For the effect of suchadditives, see Section 4 and Annex A3. Cobalt salts are sometimes addedto the pl
8、ating solution to produce harder nickel alloy deposits.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
9、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel forElectroplatingB242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec-troplatingB252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings forElectroplating and Convers
10、ion CoatingsB253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-troplatingB254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating onStainless SteelB281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-BaseAlloys for Electroplating and Conversion CoatingsB320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for
11、 Electro-platingB322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to ElectroplatingB343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplatingwith NickelB374 Terminology Relating to ElectroplatingB480 Guide for Preparation of Magnesium and MagnesiumAlloys for ElectroplatingB487 Test Method for Measurement of Meta
12、l and OxideCoating Thickness by Microscopical Examination ofCross SectionB499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessesby the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings onMagnetic Basis MetalsB507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated onRacksB530 Test Method for Measurement of Coat
13、ing Thicknessesby the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited Nickel Coat-ings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic SubstratesB558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-platingB568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessby X-Ray Spectrometry1This specification is under the jurisdiction of
14、ASTM Committee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.03 on Engineering Coatings.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as B689 97(2008). DOI:10.1520/B0689-9
15、7R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
16、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of MetallicCoatingsB602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic andInorganic CoatingsB697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspectionof Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coa
17、tingsB765 Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Testsfor Electrodeposits and Related Metallic CoatingsB809 Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings byHumid Sulfur Vapor (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)B832 Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and CopperB849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of I
18、ron or Steel forReducing Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reduc-ing the Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB851 Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peeningof Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,or Chromium Plating, or as Final F
19、inishD762 Method of Test for Hot Extraction of Asphaltic Mate-rials and Recovery of Bitumen by the Modified AbsonProcedure (Withdrawn 1965)3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF519 Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen EmbrittlementEvaluation of Plating/Coating
20、Processes and Service En-vironments2.2 Military Standards:MIL-R-81841 Rotary Flap Peening of Metal Parts4MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts4MIL-W-81840 Rotary Flap Peening Wheels43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 significant surfacesthose surfaces normally visible(directly or by reflection) t
21、hat are essential to the appearance orserviceability of the article when assembled in normal position;or that can be the source of corrosion products that defacevisible surfaces on the assembled article. When necessary, thesignificant surfaces shall be indicated on the drawing for thearticle, or by
22、the provision of suitably marked samples.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe thickness of the electrodeposit inholes, corners, recesses, and other areas where thicknesscannot be controlled under normal electroplating conditionsshall be specified by the buyer (see Note 3).3.1.1.2 DiscussionWhen a deposit of contro
23、lled thicknessis required in holes, corners, recesses, and similar areas, specialracking, auxiliary anodes or shielding will be necessary.3.2 Terminology B374 contains most of the terms used inthis specification.4. Classification4.1 Electroplated nickel shall be provided in any one of thefollowing t
24、hree types (Note 2):4.1.1 Type 1Nickel electroplated from solutions not con-taining hardeners, brighteners, or stress control additives.4.1.2 Type 2Nickel electrodeposits used at moderate tem-peratures and containing sulfur or other codeposited elementsor compounds that are present to increase the h
25、ardness, torefine the grain structure, or to control the internal stress of theelectrodeposited nickel.4.1.3 Type 3Electrodeposited nickel containing dispersedsubmicron particles, such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide,and aluminum oxide that are present to increase hardness andwear resistance at
26、 temperatures above 325C (618F).NOTE 2Good adhesion of electroplated nickel to stainless steels andhigh alloy steels usually requires a preliminary strike of electrodepositednickel. The recommended practices for the preparation of and electroplat-ing on stainless steels and nickel alloys are given i
27、n Practices B254 andB558, respectively.4.2 Thickness ClassificationThe electroplated nickelthickness, in view of the wide variety for industrial uses, shallbe specified according to the following classes (Note 3):Class Minimum Nickel Thickness, m5525 2550 50100 100200 200X thickness as specifiedNOTE
28、 3There is no technical limit to the nickel thickness that can beelectroplated. There are practical limits to nickel thickness and uniformityof thickness distribution caused by the size and geometric configuration ofthe parts. (See 3.1.)5. Ordering Information5.1 The buyer shall supply the following
29、 information to theseller in either the purchase order or engineering drawings,marked samples, or other governing documents.5.1.1 Title, ASTM designation number, and year of thestandard.5.1.2 Classification type and thickness classification of elec-troplated nickel to be applied (see 4.1 and 4.2).5.
30、1.3 Significant surfaces (see 3.1).5.1.4 Sampling plan (see Section 8).5.1.5 Number of test specimens for destructive testing (see7.1). Identify the substrate material by alloy identification, suchas by ASTM, AISI, or SAE numbers, or by equivalentcomposition information.5.1.6 The thickness, adhesion
31、, porosity, and hydrogen em-brittlement tests required. See 6.3 6.7.5.1.7 The required grinding or polishing operations of thebasis metal as are necessary to yield deposit with the desiredproperties.5.1.8 Where required, the basis metal finish shall be speci-fied in terms of centerline average (CLA)
32、, or arithmeticalaverage (AA).5.1.9 Appearance: whether superficial staining from finalrinsing or discoloration after baking is acceptable.5.1.10 Where required, post-treatment grinding or machin-ing shall be specified for parts which are to be electroplated andsubsequently ground or machined to siz
33、e.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.B689 97 (2013)25.1.11 Where required dimensional tolerances allowed forthe specifie
34、d electroplated nickel thickness or class shall bespecified.5.1.12 Where required, microhardness ranges shall be speci-fied for the nickel deposit.5.1.13 The buyer of the parts to be electroplated shallprovide the electroplater with the following information asrequired:5.1.13.1 Ultimate tensile stre
35、ngth of the parts.5.1.13.2 Rockwell C hardness of the parts.5.1.13.3 Heat treatment for stress relief, whether it has beenperformed or is required (see 6.2).5.1.13.4 Heat treatment for hydrogen embrittlement relief(see 6.3 and Test Method F519).5.1.13.5 Tensile loads required for the embrittlement r
36、elieftest, if applicable.5.1.13.6 Procedures and requirements for peening to induceresidual compressive stress in specified surfaces (see Note 4and 6.4).NOTE 4Electroplating on hardened (high alloy and high carbon) steelscan reduce the fatigue strength of the metal parts. This must be consideredif t
37、he parts will be subjected to repeated applications of complex loadpatterns in service. Shot peening of significant surfaces before electro-plating can reduce the loss of fatigue strength.5Rotary flap peening, amanual method, can also be used in the repair of components in the fieldwhere conventiona
38、l shot peening equipment is not available. If rotary flappeening is used, extreme care should be taken to ensure that the entiresurface to be treated has been peened.Also, reduction in the fatigue life ofnickel-electroplated steels can be reduced by considering the relationsamong the variables that
39、influence fatigue life of nickel-electroplated,hardened steels.65.1.13.7 What, if any, mechanical treatment was applied bythe manufacturer to the significant surface; that is, particulateblasting, grinding, polishing, or peening.5.1.14 The manufacturer of the parts to be electroplatedshall provide t
40、he electroplating facility with test specimens (seeSection 7) to be electroplated for conformance tests as re-quested for preparation, control, inspection, and lot acceptance.6. Coating Requirements6.1 Appearance:6.1.1 The coating on the significant surfaces of the productshall be smooth and free of
41、 visual defects such as blisters, pits,roughness, cracks, flaking, burned deposits, and uncoatedareas. Visual defects are defined as those visible, unmagnified,to the unaided eye, 20/20 vision, or vision corrected to 20/20.The boundaries of electroplating that cover only a portion ofthe surface shal
42、l, after finishing as indicated in the drawing, befree of beads, nodules, jagged edges, and other detrimentalirregularities. Imperfections and variations in appearance in thecoating that arise from surface conditions of the basis metal(scratches, pores, roll marks, inclusions, etc.) and that persist
43、 inthe finish despite the observance of good metal finishingpractices shall not be cause for rejection (Note 5).6.1.2 For parts that are electroplated and subsequentlyground to size, the grinding shall be done with a sulfur-freeliquid coolant, never dry, and with a sufficiently light cut toprevent c
44、racking.NOTE 5Applied finishes generally perform better in service when thesubstrate over which they are applied is smooth and free of torn metal,inclusions, pores, and other defects. It is recommended that the specifi-cations covering the unfinished product provide limits for these defects. Ametal
45、finisher can often remove defects through special treatments, suchas grinding, polishing, abrasive blasting, chemical treatments, and elec-tropolishing. However, these are not normal in the treatment stepspreceding the application of the finish. When they are desired they mustbe stated in the purcha
46、se order (see 5.1.7).6.2 Pretreatment of Iron and Steel for Reducing the Risk ofHydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical applications thatare made of steels with ultimate tensile strengths of 1000 MPa,hardness of 31 HRC or greater, that have been machined,ground, cold formed, or cold straightened su
47、bsequent to heattreatment, shall require stress relief heat treatment whenspecified by the purchaser, the tensile strength to be suppliedby the purchaser. Specification B849 may be consulted for alist of pretreatments that are used widely.6.3 Post-Coating Treatments of Iron and Steel for Reducingthe
48、 Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical appli-cations that are made of steels with ultimate tensile strengths of1000 MPa, hardness of 31 HRC or greater, as well as surfacehardened parts, shall require post coating hydrogen embrittle-ment relief baking when specified by the purchaser, the t
49、ensilestrength to be supplied by the purchaser. Specification B850may be consulted for a list of post treatments that are usedwidely.6.4 Peening of Metal PartsIf peening is required beforeelectroplating to induce residual compressive stress to increasefatigue strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking ofthe metal parts, refer to Specification B851 and to MIL-S-13165, MIL-R-81841, and MIL-W-81840.6.5 ThicknessThe thickness of the coating everywhere onthe significant surface shall conform to the requirements of thespecified class as defined in 3.2 (see N
