1、Designation: B985 12Standard Practice forSampling Aluminum Ingots, Billets, Castings and Finishedor Semi-Finished Wrought Aluminum Products forCompositional Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for sampling un-wrought alumin
3、um ingots, billets, castings and finished orsemi-finished wrought aluminum products to obtain a repre-sentative sample for determining chemical composition.1.1.1 Chemical compositions determined from samples ob-tained in accordance with this standard practice may differfrom the bulk chemical composi
4、tion determined from samplestaken when ingots or castings are poured. These differences canbe due to elemental segregation that occurs duringsolidification, procedures that remove enriched material (e.g.ingot scalping), or procedures that remove depleted areas (e.g.removal of the riser from a castin
5、g).1.1.2 Analysis of samples obtained from unwrought alumi-num ingots, billets, and castings and finished or semi-finishedwrought aluminum products can be used to determine if thepiece sampled meets The Aluminum Association, Inc. regis-tered chemical composition limits or other specified chemicalcom
6、position limits for the alloy. Analysis of such samples shallnot supersede the analysis of samples taken during pouring ofcastings or ingots in accordance with E716 and analyzed inaccordance with E607, E1251, E34, or EN 14242 and shall notbe used for determining compliance with chemical composi-tion
7、 requirements for an entire cast lot or part thereof.NOTE 1Pieces may include ingots, forgings, coils, sheets, extrusions,castings, etc. A single unwrought ingot or billet may produce multiplefinished or semi-finished pieces.NOTE 2Certification of entire cast lots should be determined usingsamples t
8、aken during pouring of castings or ingots in accordance withE716 and analyzed in accordance with E607, E1251, E34, or EN 14242.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;the
9、refore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this sta
10、ndard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B881 Terminology Relating to Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsE34 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum andAlum
11、inum-Base AlloysE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE607 Test Method for Atomic Emission SpectrometricAnalysis Aluminum Alloys by the Point to Plane Tech-nique Nitrogen Atmosphere (Withdrawn 2011)3E716 Practices for Sampling and Sample Preparation
12、ofAluminum and Aluminum Alloys for Determination ofChemical Composition by Spectrochemical AnalysisE1251 Test Method for Analysis of Aluminum and Alumi-num Alloys by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry2.2 Other Standards:4EN 14242 Aluminum and aluminum alloysChemical analy-sisInductively coupled plas
13、ma optical emission spectralanalysis3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this Standard, refer toTerminologies E135 and B881.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The procedures described in this practice involve thecutting and drilling of aluminum products to obtain samples for1This practice is un
14、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on LightMetals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 onTesting.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. DOI: 10.1520/B0985-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from European Committee for Standardization, C
16、entral Secretariat(CEN), rue de Stassart 36, B1050 Brussels, Belgium. http:/www.cen.eu/esearch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1subsequent chemical analysis in accordance with ASTM Stan-dards E607, E1251, E34, or EN 142
17、42.5. Significance and Use5.1 Products covered by this practice are unwrought alumi-num ingots, billets, and castings and unclad wrought aluminumsheet, plate, rolled or cold finished extrusions, extrudedprofiles, wire, rod and bar. Machined wrought products (fin-ished or semi-finished) are excluded
18、(see Note 3). Thesepractices, used in conjunction with the appropriate samplepreparation techniques in E716 and the Test Methods E34,E607, E1251, and EN 14242, are suitable to determine if thepiece sampled meets the chemical composition limits regis-tered with the Aluminum Association Inc.5or other
19、specifiedchemical composition limits for the alloy. Analysis of suchsamples shall not supersede the analysis of samples takenduring pouring of castings or ingots in accordance with E716and analyzed in accordance with E607, E1251, E34,orEN14242 and shall not be used for determining compliance withche
20、mical composition requirements for an entire cast lot or partthereof.NOTE 3Sampling machined pieces of products pose a particularproblem because the piece itself may not be a representative sample of theoriginal cast chemical composition. Larger differences may be expectedbetween an analysis obtaine
21、d from samples taken in accordance with thispractice and the original cast analysis of samples taken during pouring ofcastings or ingot.NOTE 4Portable Spark-AES and hand held XRF instruments shouldnot be used to determine if the piece sampled meets chemical compositionlimits registered with Aluminum
22、 Association Inc or other specifiedchemical composition limits for the alloy.5.2 Users should be aware that chemical compositionsdetermined using samples taken from unwrought aluminumingots, billets, and castings and finished or semi-finishedproducts might differ from the bulk chemical compositionde
23、termined using samples taken when ingots or castings arepoured. This difference can be due to elemental segregationupon solidification, sampling a non-homogenous section of theingot or billet, removal of enriched material, or depleted areasof solidified material by subsequent procedures such as ingo
24、tscalping, the removal of risers from castings, or machining.NOTE 5When aluminum solidifies, macro-segregation may cause thechemical composition to vary throughout the ingot or casting. Certainareas may have enhanced or depleted concentrations of some elementsrelative to the average bulk chemical co
25、mposition. Remnants of themacro-segregation may be retained in finished and semi-finished products.The sampling procedures described in this practice are designed to providea laboratory sample for analysis which represents the chemical composi-tion of the piece by taking samples in a way that symmet
26、rically includesthe various enhanced and depleted zones e.g. sampling across the radiusof a round ingot etc.6. Sampling and Handling Requirements Specific to EachAnalysis Method6.1 Sampling for the Analysis of Chips by ASTM E34 or EN14242:6.1.1 Chips that will be prepared as described in E34 or EN14
27、242 can be obtained by drilling or cutting and drilling at thelocations specified in Section 7 for each type of product. Thechips should be uniformly small in size and free from scale,dirt, oil, grease, etc.6.1.1.1 CleaningOil and grease may be removed from thechips by rinsing with alcohol then dryi
28、ng before taking thelaboratory sample. Scale and dirt may be removed by washingwith a detergent and water then rinsing with distilled de-ionized water and drying before taking the laboratory sample.Additional chemical cleaning such as soaking the chips in 1%(by volume) nitric acid may be necessary t
29、o remove embeddedcontaminants. Other cleaning procedures may be used pro-vided they do not alter the chemical composition in any way.6.1.2 Use of a carbide or diamond tipped drill bit shouldprovide satisfactory samples. To obtain chips, use a drill bitbetween 10 mm 0.4 in. and 13 mm 0.5 in. in diame
30、ter. A 25mm 1 in. deep hole with a 10 mm 0.4 in. bit typicallyproduces about 5 g 0.18 oz of sample. Drill enough holes tocollect at least 20 g 0.71 oz of chips. The initial chips from anexternal surface shall be discarded for any surface that iscontaminated i.e. lubricants, surface conditioning mate
31、rials,dirt, scale, etc. The chips from all locations shall be thoroughlymixed prior to taking the laboratory sample for analysis.NOTE 6Using a drill bit made from bare HSS (high speed steel) maycontaminate the sample with iron.6.1.2.1 Other machining methods may be used provided thatcontamination-fr
32、ee chips are obtained from the specified areaof the product being sampled. Products that are too thin to drillmay be sampled by clipping off small samples.6.2 Sampling for Remelt Analysis using ASTM E716 inCombination with ASTM E1251:6.2.1 Samples that will be re-melted (see Notes 8 and 9)inaccordan
33、ce with E716 for subsequent elemental analysis usingE1251 should be obtained by cutting, (i.e. sawing, snipping, orshearing) at the locations specified in Section 7 for each type ofproduct.6.2.1.1 If it is not possible to obtain laboratory samples bycutting, laboratory samples may be obtained by dri
34、lling andre-melting the chips. Due to the high surface area of chips, itmay be necessary to press the chips into solid pellets withsufficient pressure to compact the chips to reduce drossformation. Pressure of 140 MPa 20,000 psi has been shownto be adequate for compressing chips.6.2.2 The amount of
35、laboratory sample required depends onthe sampler type in use and the method used to preheat thesampler as required by E716. Preheating the sampler by takingand discarding a laboratory sample requires enough materialfor two laboratory samples. Preheating by other means requiresenough material for one
36、 laboratory sample. The type B bookmolds and Alcoa vacuum samplers require approximately 150g 6 oz and 60 g 2.5 oz of metal per laboratory samplerespectively to completely fill the mold and sprue.NOTE 7A 25 mm 1 in. cube of aluminum weighs approximately 45g 1.5 oz.6.2.3 If possible, combine all cut
37、samples into a singlelaboratory sample in the remelt furnace. If the cut samples aretoo big for the remelt crucible, they may be cut into smallersize samples or multiple laboratory samples may be analyzed5Available from TheAluminumAssociation, Inc., 1525 Wilson Blvd., Suite 600,Arlington Va. 22209,
38、http:/www.aluminum.org.B985 122separately. When analyzed separately, the chemical composi-tion reported should be the average analysis determined frommultiple remelt and cast laboratory samples for each elementanalyzed.NOTE 8Remelting is not satisfactory for the determination of calcium,lithium, sod
39、ium, and strontium. These elements may be lost due tooxidation and/or volatilization. Calcium, lithium, sodium, and strontiumshould be analyzed according to E34 or EN 14242 or by direct analysis onthe surface of the original piece according to E1251 or E607, and resultsreported as approximate.NOTE 9
40、Because magnesium and zinc may be lost if the melt isoverheated or kept molten for an excessive time, the sample should be castas soon as possible after it reaches a temperature of 700C.6.2.4 Using a saw equipped with a carbide or diamondtipped blade should provide satisfactory samples.NOTE 10The us
41、e of bare steel saw blades may contaminate the samplewith iron.6.2.4.1 CleaningOil and grease may be removed from thesamples by rinsing with alcohol then drying before taking thelaboratory sample. Scale and dirt may be removed by washingwith soap and water then rinsing with distilled de-ionized wate
42、rand drying before taking the laboratory sample. Additionalchemical cleaning such as soaking the samples in 1% (byvolume) nitric acid may be necessary to remove embeddedcontaminates. Other cleaning methods may be used providedthey do not alter the chemical composition in any way.(WarningChips and ot
43、her cut samples must be dry beforemelting. Moisture captured in the material may cause it to ejectheated metal or molten material and cause injury!)7. Procedure for Obtaining Samples by Product Type7.1 Ingots and Billets, Round:7.1.1 Sampling a Round Ingot by DrillingPrior to drilling,metal must be
44、removed or cropped from the head and butt ofround ingots. For ingots 250 mm 10 in. or less in diameter,remove or crop at least 1.5 times the diameter from the headand butt of the ingot. For ingots greater than 250 mm 10 in.in diameter, remove or crop at least 380 mm 15 in. from thehead and butt of t
45、he ingot.7.1.1.1 Drill holes in both the front and rear of the ingot asdescribed below and shown in Fig. 1.7.1.1.2 Drill two holes near the outer edge approximately 5mm 0.2 in. away from the as-cast surface.7.1.1.3 Drill one hole near the center.7.1.1.4 Drill three holes in the region approximately
46、mid-way between the holes at the outer edge and the center.7.1.1.5 Drill holes at least 25 mm 1 in. into the face.Drillings from the front and rear of the ingot shall be treated asseparate laboratory samples and analyzed separately. Theresults may be reported as individual samples or as the average.
47、Both samples however, must be within the specification chemi-cal composition limits. The piece sampled does not meet thespecification chemical composition limits if one of the samplesis outside of the chemical composition limits; even if theaverage is within the specification.7.1.1.6 If more drillin
48、g locations are required to make up therequired sample weight, repeat the above pattern. Drillingsfrom additional locations are to be combined with the otherdrillings from the head or butt locations shown in Fig. 1.7.1.2 Sampling a Billet by DrillingDrill holes in both thefront and rear of the bille
49、t as described below and shown inFig. 1.7.1.2.1 Drill two holes near the outer edge approximately 5mm 0.2 in. away from the as-cast surface.7.1.2.2 Drill one hole near the center.7.1.2.3 Drill three holes in the region approximately mid-way between the holes at the outer edge and the center.7.1.2.4 Drill holes at least 25 mm 1 in. into the face.Drillings from the front and rear shall be treated as separatelaboratory samples and analyzed separately. The results may bereported as individual samples or as the average. Both samplesh
