1、Designation: C 1028 07Standard Test Method forDetermining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tileand Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal DynamometerPull-Meter Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1028; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of static
3、coefficient of friction of ceramic tile or other surfaces underboth wet and dry conditions while utilizing Neolite heelassemblies.2This test method can be used in the laboratory orin the field.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses ar
4、e mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
5、and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Rubber Manufacturing Association (RMA) Standard:HS-3 Method of Test for Evaluating Adhesive Bondabilityof Shoe Soling Materials (1975)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcien
6、t of frictionthe ratio of the horizontalcomponent of force required to overcome or have a tendency toovercome friction to the vertical component of the objectweight or normal force applied through the object which tendsto cause the friction.3.1.2 frictionthe resistance developed between the physi-ca
7、l contacting surface of two bodies when there is movementor tendency for movement of one body relative to the otherparallel to the plane of contact.3.1.3 static coeffcient of frictionthe ratio of the horizontalcomponent of force applied to a body that just overcomes thefriction or resistance to slip
8、ping to the vertical component ofthe weight of the object or force applied to it.4. Significance and Use4.1 The horizontal dynamometer pull meter and heel assem-blies are designed to determine the static coefficient of frictionof tile and like materials.4.2 The measurement made by this apparatus is
9、believed tobe one important factor relative to slip resistance. Other factorscan affect slip resistance, such as the degree of wear on theshoe and flooring material; presence of foreign material, suchas water, oil, and dirt; the length of the human stride at the timeof slip; type of floor finish; an
10、d the physical and mentalcondition of humans. Therefore, this test method should beused for the purpose of developing a property of the flooringsurface under laboratory conditions, and should not be used todetermine slip resistance under field conditions unless thoseconditions are fully described.4.
11、3 Because many variables may enter into the evaluation ofslip resistance of a particular surface, this test method isdesigned to evaluate these surfaces under both laboratory andactual site installation conditions.4.4 The static coefficient of friction is determined underboth wet and dry conditions
12、with Neolite heel assemblies overboth unprepared and prepared (cleaned) test surfaces.5. Apparatus5.1 Dynamometer Pull Meter, horizontal capable of mea-suring 100 lbs.-force (lbf.), accurate to 0.1 lbf., and capable ofholding the peak value. (see Fig. 1).5.2 Weight, 50-lb (22-kg) Weight shall be eit
13、her cylindrical(approximately 6 in. in diameter and approximately 8 in. tall)or of rectangular dimensions with the base measuring approxi-mately 6 by 8 in. Weight must be stable, and have a uniformdistribution of weight. (see Fig. 2).1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 o
14、n CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1984, (formerly P 155). Last previous edition approved in 1996 asC 1028 96, which was withdrawn in 2004 a
15、nd reinstated in 2006.2Neolite or an equivalent has been found satisfactory. Neolite is a registeredtrademark of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Shoe Product Division, Windsor,VT 05089 and may be obtained from Smithers Scientific Services, Inc., 425 W.Market St.,Akron, OH 44303 (Attn: Technical Di
16、rector). Specify “Neolite (Break-inCompound),” RMA Spec. HS-3, Size 36 by 44 in., 6 irons, Color: Natural 11,Specific Gravity 1.27 6 0.02, Hardness Shore A93-96.3Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1901 Pennsylvania Ave.,NW, Washington, DC 20006. RMA Specification #HS-3.1Copyright ASTM
17、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Standard Neolite Sled Assemblies, two, one to be usedfor each of the wet and dry conditions.5.3.1 Two assemblies, constructed from 8 by 8 by34-in.6061-T6 aluminum plate or similar material, with 3
18、by 3 by18-in. Neolite material attached to the aluminum plate withcontact adhesive.5.3.2 Sheen must be removed from the Neolite surface priorto use. To prepare the assembly surface prior to initial use:5.3.2.1 Place a sheet of 400 grit wet or dry silicon carbidepaper (attached to a flat surface, suc
19、h as a piece of float glass)on a flat and stable surface.5.3.2.2 Sand Neolite material by moving the assembly onceacross the sandpaper towards the operator for a distance ofabout 4 in. (102 mm) while applying between 15-20 lbs-forceto the assembly,5.3.2.3 Remove the sled assembly and brush off any a
20、ccu-mulated Neolite dust from the silicon carbide paper and sledassembly using a dry brush; brush to be such that it effectivelyremoves the Neolite dust but causes no damage to the siliconcarbide paper or the Neolite on the sled assembly.5.3.2.4 Rotate the sled 90 (clockwise) and sand the Neoliteaga
21、in with the same procedure (one single pull towards theoperator followed by removing the Neolite dust is consideredone stroke).5.3.2.5 Repeat sanding in this fashion (rotating the sledassembly by 90, clockwise, and brushing off the Neolite dusteach time between strokes) for a total of eight (8) stro
22、kes. Eightstrokes equals one (1) resurfacing cycle.5.3.2.6 Continue sanding the Neolite until all the sheen(glossy surface produced during the manufacturing process) isremoved, usually no more than 500 strokes.5.4 Standard Tile. Standard tiles were manufactured undercontrolled conditions, assigned a
23、 unique identifying numberand are available from the Tile Council of North America.46. Reagents and Materials6.1 Silicon Carbide Paper, wet or dry, 400 grit.6.2 Renovator,6.3 Neolite,2Standard Neolite Cement Liner (see 2.1).6.4 Rags, Sponge, or Paper Towels.6.5 Water, distilled.7. Calibration (Dry)7
24、.1 Because many variables are associated with this testprocedure, it is important that the operator calibrates the4The sole source of supply of the standard tile known to the committee at thistime is Tile Council of North America, 100 Clemson Research Blvd. Anderson, SC29625. If you are aware of alt
25、ernative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.(a)(b)FIG. 1 Dynamometer Pull MetersFIG. 2 Test AssemblyC1028072Neolite Heel Assembly sur
26、face with the Standard Tile eachtime the test is performed.7.2 For uses other than the initial use, resurface the assem-bly with 400 grit wet or dry silicon carbide paper, four cycles.7.3 Determine the total weight, W, of the 50-lb (22-kg)weight plus the Neolite Heel Assembly.7.4 Clean the Standard
27、Tile with a renovator.7.5 Place the Neolite Heel Assembly and the 50-lb (22-kg)weight on the Standard Tile surface. Using a dynamometer,determine the force required to set the test assembly in motion.Record the highest reading.7.6 Make a total of four pulls, each perpendicular to theprevious pull.7.
28、7 Calculate the dry calibration factor as follows:XD5 0.86 2RDNW(1)where:XD= dry calibration factor,RD= sum of the four recorded dry force readings, lb (kg),N = number of pulls (4), andW = weight of heel assembly plus 50-lb (22-kg) weight, lb(kg).NOTE 1The 0.86 factor is the static coefficient of fr
29、iction value asdetermined by the Tile Council of North America for the standard tile (see5.4) and confirmed by ASTM ILS in February 2007.8. Test Procedure (Dry)8.1 Test the following surfaces:8.1.1 The test area or separate test specimens shall not beless than 4 by 4 in. (102 by 102 mm). Bond the se
30、parate testspecimens of small-sized tile, such as 1 by 1 in. (25 by 25 mm)and 2 by 2 in. (51 by 51 mm) to a suitable surface to providethe 4 by 4 in. or larger size.8.1.2 Test the surface in the as-received condition.8.2 Place the 50-lb (22-kg) weight assembly with Neolitematerial attached on the te
31、st surface. Using a dynamometer,determine the force required to set the test assembly in motion.Record the highest reading.8.3 Four pulls perpendicular to the previous pull on each ofthree surface areas or three test specimens constitute the twelvenecessary readings to calculate the static coefficie
32、nt of friction.8.4 Record all readings.8.5 Under no conditions should additional tiles be testedwithout performing a new calibration.9. Calibration (Wet)9.1 Immerse the Neolite portion of the sled assembly inwater for a minimum of 5 min. after resurfacing the sled per7.2. (See 5.3.)9.2 It is importa
33、nt that the operator calibrates the assemblysurface each time the test is performed. Repeat the procedure in7.2-7.5 with one exception: Saturate the surface with distilledwater and repeat the calibration with the surface wet, keepingthe surface saturated.9.3 Calculate the wet calibration factor as f
34、ollows:XW5 0.51 2RWNW(2)where:XW= wet calibration factor,RW= sum of the four recorded wet force readings, lb orkg,N = number of pulls (4), andW = weight of heel assembly plus 50-lb (22-kg) weight,lb (kg).NOTE 2The 0.51 factor is the static coefficient of friction value asdetermined by the Tile Counc
35、il of North America for the standard tile (see5.4) and confirmed by ASTM ILS in February 2007.10. Test Procedure (Wet)10.1 Repeat the procedure in 8.2 and 8.3 with one excep-tion: Saturate the surface with distilled water and repeat the testwith the surface wet, keeping the surface saturated.10.2 Re
36、cord all readings.11. Test Procedure Using Prepared Test Specimens11.1 Test the prepared test specimens, both wet and dry,after cleaning the test specimens with a renovator.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the static coefficient of friction as follows:12.1.1 Dry:FD5 RD/NW! 1 XD(3)12.1.2 Wet:FW5 RW/NW!
37、1 XW(4)where:FD= static coefficient of friction for dry surface,FW= static coefficient of friction for wet surface,RD= total of the 12 dry force readings, lb (kg),RW= total of the 12 wet force readings, lb (kg),N = number of pulls (12),XD= dry calibration factor,XW= wet calibration factor, andW = to
38、tal weight of the heel assembly plus 50-lb (22-kg)weight, lb (kg).13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Type of tile or surface and13.1.2 The individual and average static coefficient offriction for:13.1.2.1 dry surfaces (both as-received and after cleaning)and13.1.2.2 wet surfaces
39、(both as-received and after cleaning).14. Precision and Bias14.1 Precision The precision of this test method is basedon an interlaboratory study of C1028-06, Standard Test Methodfor Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of CeramicTile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal DynamometerPul
40、l-Meter Method, conducted in 2006. Each of seven labora-tories tested five different materials. Every “test result” isC1028073calculated using twelve individual force readings. The labora-tories obtained two replicate test results for each material,under both wet and dry conditions.514.1.1 Repeatabi
41、lityTwo test results obtained within onelaboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by morethan the “r” value for that material; “r” is the intervalrepresenting the critical difference between two test results forthe same material, obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment o
42、n the same day in the same laboratory.14.1.1.1 “Sr” represents the repeatability standard deviation14.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo test results shall be judged notequivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value for thatmaterial; “R” is the interval representing the difference be-tween two test result
43、s for the same material, obtained bydifferent operators using different equipment in different labo-ratories.14.1.2.1 “SR” represents the reproducibility standard devia-tion14.1.3 Any judgment in accordance with these two state-ments would have an approximate 95 % probability of beingcorrect.14.2 Bi
44、asAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.14.3 The precision statement was determined through sta-tistical examination of 140 results, from seven laboratories, onfive materia
45、ls. Descriptions of the surfaces tested follow:Surface 1: unglazed porcelainSurface 2: glazed porcelain, lightly texturedSurface 3: glazed ceramic, lightly texturedSurface 4: unglazed porcelain, lightly texturedSurface 5: Standard Tile, glazedTo judge the equivalency of two test results, it is recom
46、-mended to choose the surface closest in characteristics to thetest surface.15. Keywords15.1 dynamometer; friction5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C211005.TABLE 1 Static Coefficient of Friction for Dry SurfacesSu
47、rface Average StandardDeviationRepeatabilityStandardDeviationReproducibilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitxSx sr sR r R1 0.7971 0.0351 0.0242 0.0391 0.0678 0.10932 0.8093 0.0479 0.0183 0.0496 0.0513 0.13903 1.0007 0.0379 0.0228 0.0412 0.0639 0.11544 0.8700 0.0328 0.0173 0.03
48、50 0.0485 0.09805 0.8543 0.0493 0.0093 0.0497 0.0259 0.1392C1028074ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any
49、such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your
