1、Designation: C 1138M 05Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Concrete (Underwater Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1138M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining therelative resistance of concrete (including concrete overlays andimpregnat
3、ed concrete) to abrasion under water (see Note 1).This procedure simulates the abrasive action of waterborneparticles (silt, sand, gravel, and other solids).NOTE 1Other procedures are available for measuring abrasion resis-tance of concrete surfaces not under water. These include Test MethodsC 418,
4、C 779, and C 944.1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to beregarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and heal
5、th practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and
6、Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC 418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC 642 Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids inHardened ConcreteC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC 779/C 779
7、M Test Method for Abrasion Resistance ofHorizontal Concrete SurfacesC 944 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete orMortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter MethodE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and RockwellSuperficial Hardness of Metallic Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 This test m
8、ethod is intended to qualitatively simulate thebehavior of swirling water containing suspended and trans-ported solid objects that produce abrasion of concrete andcause potholes and related effects.3.2 This test method should provide a relative evaluation ofthe resistance of concrete to such action.
9、3.3 The results are expected to be useful in selection ofmaterials, mixtures, and construction practices for use wheresuch action is to be expected.3.4 The test method is not intended to provide a quantitativemeasurement of the length of service that may be expectedfrom a specific concrete.4. Appara
10、tus4.1 Rotating DeviceA drill press or similar device with achuck capable of holding and rotating the agitation paddleunder test conditions at a speed of 1200 6 100 rpm shall beused.4.2 Test ContainerA steel pipe, 305 6 6-mm (12 614-in.) inside diameter by 450 6 25-mm (18 6 1-in.) high,fitted with a
11、 watertight steel base shall be used (see Fig. 1).4.3 Agitation PaddleThe agitation paddle shall be asshown in Fig. 2.4.4 Abrasive ChargesSeventy grade 1000 chrome steelgrinding balls with nominal sizes as specified in Table 1 shallbe used. The steel of which the balls are made shall have aRockwell
12、C-scale hardness of 65 6 5 as determined by TestMethods E18. The balls shall have a smooth texture and noapparent mold seam (see Note 2).NOTE 2An abrasive charge meeting the requirements of Table 1 willhave a mass of approximately 1530 to 1900 g (3.8 to 4.2 lb). When themass of the charge approaches
13、 the lower limit, replace the undersize orunderweight balls not complying with Table 1.4.5 ScalesA platform scale having a capacity of at least45 kg (100 lb) or more and accurate to within at least 5.0 g(0.01 lb) at any point within the range used in this test shall be1This test method is under the
14、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.62 on Abrasion Testing.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 1138 97.2Section on
15、 Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
16、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.used. The scale shall be equipped with a suitable apparatus forsuspending the sample in its container in water from the centerof the weighing
17、platform.4.6 Weighing BasketA wire basket or other suitable sup-port shall be provided for weighing the specimen in water. Theweighing basket shall be constructed to prevent entrapping airwhen it and the specimen are submerged.4.7 Water TankA suitable watertight tank into which thebasket and the spe
18、cimen can be suspended below the scaleshall be furnished.4.8 Seating BlockA minimum of three steel blocks 25 by25 by 25 mm (1 by 1 by 1 in.) shall be used to support thespecimen.5. Test Specimens5.1 The test specimen shall be cylindrical in shape, havinga diameter approximately 6-mm (14-in.) less th
19、an that of theinside diameter of the test container and a height of 100 6 13mm (4 612 in.). It may be molded from freshly mixedconcrete or cored from hardened concrete (see Note 3). Coresshall be taken in accordance with Methods C 42.NOTE 3Specimens should be tested at an age appropriate for themate
20、rial being evaluated. Most testing done to date has been done at 28days. Concretes containing pozzolans should be tested at an age thatallows development of appropriate strength. Toppings and impregnatedconcretes should be tested at an age appropriate for the material and incompliance with the manuf
21、acturers recommendations. The appropriatetesting age may also depend upon when the concrete will be put intoservice.5.2 If the specimen has a membrane curing compound onthe surface, remove it completely by steel wire brushing priorto the soaking period.5.3 Soak the specimen in lime-saturated water o
22、r in thewater to which the concrete shall be subjected in service for aminimum of 48 h prior to testing.5.4 Determine the average diameter of the top surface of thespecimen to be tested to the nearest 2 mm (116 in.) byaveraging two diameters measured at right angles to each other.This average diamet
23、er shall be used in calculating the topsurface area.5.5 Surface dry the specimen. Determine and record themass in air to the nearest 25.0 g (0.05 lb). Determine andrecord the apparent mass of the specimen immersed in water tothe nearest 25.0 g (0.05 lb). The procedure of Test MethodC 642 shall be fo
24、llowed using water at 23 6 1.7 C (73.4 6 3F) having a density of 997 6 2 kg/m3. Remove all entrappedair by shaking the specimen while it is immersed in the waterfor weighing.6. Procedure6.1 Place the specimen in the test container with the surfaceto be tested facing up and the seating blocks in plac
25、e.6.2 Position the specimen so that its surface is normal to thedrill shaft and the center of the specimen coincides with thedrill shaft.6.3 Mount the agitation paddle in the drill press. The bottomof the agitation paddle shall be 38 6 5mm(112 614 in.) abovethe surface of the specimen.6.4 Determine
26、and record the mass of the abrasive charge tothe nearest 10 g (0.02 lb). Place it on the surface of thespecimen and add water of the same type as used in thesaturation period to 165 6 5mm(612 614 in.) above thesurface of the specimen.6.5 Start the paddle rotating and check that the paddle isrotating
27、 at the required speed with the paddle immersed.6.6 Remove the specimen from the test container at the endof every 12 h of operation. Flush off the abraded material andsurface dry. Determine and record the mass of the specimen inair and in water.6.7 The standard test shall consist of six 12-h period
28、s for atotal of 72 h (see Note 4).NOTE 4Testing totalling 24 h generally produces significant abrasionin most concrete surfaces, but it is recommended to extend the period ofsimulation if more severe abrasion is desired. Additional testing time maybe required for concrete that is highly resistant to
29、 abrasion.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the abrasion loss as follows:7.1.1 Calculate the volume of the specimen at any time asfollows:Vt5Wair2 WwaterGw(1)FIG. 1 Test ApparatusC1138M052where:Vt= volume of the specimen at the desired time, m3,Wair= mass of the specimen in air at the desired time,kg,Wwat
30、er= apparent mass of the specimen in water at thedesired time, kg, andGw= unit weight of water kg/m3.7.1.2 Calculate the volume of concrete lost at the end of anytime increment of testing as follows:VLt5 Vi2 Vt(2)where:VLt= volume of material lost by abrasion at the end of thetest increment in quest
31、ion, m3,Vi= volume of specimen before testing, m3, andVt= volume of the specimen at the end of the testincrement in question m3.7.2 Should it be desired to calculate the average depth ofwear at the end of any time increment of testing based onvolume of abraded material, it may be done as follows:ADA
32、t5 VLt/A (3)where:ADAt= average depth of abrasion at the end of the testincrement in question, m, andA = area of top of specimen m2.8. Report8.1 The report shall include the following:NOTE 1116 Ga (0.059 in.)304 Stainless SteelNOTE 2Rotation of agitation paddle clockwise when viewed from shaft end.N
33、OTE 3Shaft length to be adjusted to fit assembly in Fig. 11.in. mm21 533518 1305 127458 117412 1143316 97214 57 TOLERANCE Material FINISH TITLE112 38 UNLESS 16 GA.(.059) STEEL138 35 OTHERWISESPECIFIED REVISIONS BY DATEAGITATIONPADDLE12578 2258 1612 1338 1014 618 3116 2FIG. 2 Agitation PaddleTABLE 1
34、Abrasive ChargesNumber of Balls Nominal Size Minimum Diameter10 1.00 in. 25.3 mm (0.95 in.)35 0.75 in. 19.0 mm (0.70 in.)25 0.50 in. 12.6 mm (0.45 in.)C1138M0538.1.1 A plot of time versus abrasion loss of at least threeindividual test specimens and the average of all specimens ofa type that were tes
35、ted.8.1.2 The average diameter of each specimen. The volumeof each specimen at the end of each test period.8.1.3 Relevant data as desired on the concrete representedby the specimens.8.1.4 Mass of the grinding balls at the beginning and end ofthe testing.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionThe single l
36、aboratory coefficient of variationamong test specimens made from a single batch of concretewas found to be 14.0 %. Therefore, in a properly conductedtest, the range among test results from the three specimensrequired by the test method should be no greater than 46.2 %of their mean. (See Note 5.)4NOT
37、E 5This number represents the 1 S limit, as defined by PracticeC 670. This limit was calculated according to paragraph 3.3.2 of PracticeC 670 91a. The variation due to making specimens from differentconcrete batches was found to be too small to detect.9.2 BiasNo estimate of bias is being made becaus
38、e thereis no recognized standard material for this test method.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRECISION OF THE TEST METHODX1.1 This test method was originally developed and usedby the Corps of Engineers.5When developed and during itsinitial use, abrasion loss as determined by the test method
39、wasexpressed as a percentage of the original mass of the specimen.For tests so conducted the single-operator standard deviation(1S) was found to be 0.42 % and hence, the results of twoproperly conducted tests by the same operator on specimensfrom the same batch of concrete should not differ by more
40、than1.18 % (D2S). These limits were calculated as described inPractice C 670.X1.2 The test method was revised to reflect loss in terms ofvolume rather than in terms of mass to eliminate differences inresults resulting from the allowable variations in specimensize.ASTM International takes no position
41、 respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.T
42、his standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM In
43、ternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address show
44、n below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-
45、9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C09-1009.5Liu, Tony C., “Abrasion Resistance of Concrete,” ACI Journal, ProceedingsVol 78, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1981, pp 341-350.C1138M054
