1、Designation: C1138M 12Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Concrete (Underwater Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1138M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining therelative resistance of concrete (including concrete overlays andimpregnated
3、 concrete) to abrasion under water (see Note 1).This procedure simulates the abrasive action of waterborneparticles (silt, sand, gravel, and other solids).NOTE 1Other procedures are available for measuring abrasion resis-tance of concrete surfaces not under water. These include Test MethodsC418, C77
4、9/C779M, and C944.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
5、 to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
6、3C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC642 Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids inHardened ConcreteC670 Practic
7、e for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC779/C779M Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hori-zontal Concrete SurfacesC944 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete orMortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter MethodE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Har
8、dness of Metallic Ma-terials3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology C125.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to qualitatively simulate thebehavior of swirling water containing suspended and trans-ported solid objects that produce abra
9、sion of concrete andcause potholes and related effects.4.2 This test method should provide a relative evaluation ofthe resistance of concrete to such action.4.3 The results are expected to be useful in selection ofmaterials, mixtures, and construction practices for use wheresuch action is to be expe
10、cted.4.4 The test method is not intended to provide a quantitativemeasurement of the length of service that may be expectedfrom a specific concrete.5. Apparatus5.1 Rotating DeviceA drill press or similar device with achuck capable of holding and rotating the agitation paddleunder test conditions at
11、a speed of 1200 6 100 rpm shall beused.5.2 Test ContainerAsteel pipe, 305 6 6-mm (12 614-in.)inside diameter by 450 6 25-mm (18 6 1-in.) high, fitted witha watertight steel base shall be used (see Fig. 1).5.3 Agitation PaddleThe agitation paddle shall be asshown in Fig. 2.5.4 Abrasive ChargesSeventy
12、 grade 1000 chrome steelgrinding balls with nominal sizes as specified in Table 1 shallbe used. The steel of which the balls are made shall have aRockwell C-scale hardness of 65 6 5 as determined by TestMethods E18. The balls shall have a smooth texture and noapparent mold seam (see Note 2).1This te
13、st method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.62 on Abrasion Testing.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as
14、C1138M 05(2010)1.DOI: 10.1520/C1138M-12.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
15、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 2An abrasive charge me
16、eting the requirements of Table 1 willhave a mass of approximately 1530 to 1900 g (3.8 to 4.2 lb). When themass of the charge approaches the lower limit, replace the undersize orunderweight balls not complying with Table 1.5.5 ScalesAplatform scale having a capacity of at least 45kg (100 lb) or more
17、 and accurate to within at least 5.0 g (0.01lb) at any point within the range used in this test shall be used.The scale shall be equipped with a suitable apparatus forsuspending the sample in its container in water from the centerof the weighing platform.5.6 Weighing BasketA wire basket or other sui
18、table sup-port shall be provided for weighing the specimen in water. Theweighing basket shall be constructed to prevent entrapping airwhen it and the specimen are submerged.5.7 Water TankA suitable watertight tank into which thebasket and the specimen can be suspended below the scaleshall be furnish
19、ed.5.8 Seating BlockA minimum of three steel blocks 25 by25 by 25 mm (1 by 1 by 1 in.) shall be used to support thespecimen.6. Test Specimens6.1 The test specimen shall be cylindrical in shape, havinga diameter approximately 6-mm (14-in.) less than that of theinside diameter of the test container an
20、d a height of 100 6 13mm (4 612 in.). It may be molded from freshly mixedconcrete or cored from hardened concrete (see Note 3). Coresshall be taken in accordance with Methods C42/C42M.NOTE 3Specimens should be tested at an age appropriate for thematerial being evaluated. Most testing done to date ha
21、s been done at 28days. Concretes containing pozzolans should be tested at an age thatallows development of appropriate strength. Toppings and impregnatedconcretes should be tested at an age appropriate for the material and incompliance with the manufacturers recommendations. The appropriatetesting a
22、ge may also depend upon when the concrete will be put intoservice.6.2 If the specimen has a membrane curing compound onthe surface, remove it completely by steel wire brushing priorto the soaking period.6.3 Soak the specimen in lime-saturated water or in thewater to which the concrete shall be subje
23、cted in service for aminimum of 48 h prior to testing.6.4 Determine the average diameter of the top surface of thespecimen to be tested to the nearest 2 mm (116 in.) byaveraging two diameters measured at right angles to each other.This average diameter shall be used in calculating the topsurface are
24、a.6.5 Surface dry the specimen. Determine and record themass in air to the nearest 25.0 g (0.05 lb). Determine andrecord the apparent mass of the specimen immersed in water tothe nearest 25.0 g (0.05 lb). The procedure of Test MethodC642 shall be followed using water at 23 6 1.7 C (73.4 6 3F) having
25、 a density of 997 6 2 kg/m3. Remove all entrappedair by shaking the specimen while it is immersed in the waterfor weighing.7. Procedure7.1 Place the specimen in the test container with the surfaceto be tested facing up and the seating blocks in place.7.2 Position the specimen so that its surface is
26、normal to thedrill shaft and the center of the specimen coincides with thedrill shaft.7.3 Mount the agitation paddle in the drill press. The bottomof the agitation paddle shall be 38 6 5mm(112 614 in.) abovethe surface of the specimen.7.4 Determine and record the mass of the abrasive charge tothe ne
27、arest 10 g (0.02 lb). Place it on the surface of thespecimen and add water of the same type as used in thesaturation period to 165 6 5mm(612 614 in.) above thesurface of the specimen.7.5 Start the paddle rotating and check that the paddle isrotating at the required speed with the paddle immersed.7.6
28、 Remove the specimen from the test container at the endof every 12 h of operation. Flush off the abraded material andsurface dry. Determine and record the mass of the specimen inair and in water.7.7 The standard test shall consist of six 12-h periods for atotal of 72 h (see Note 4).NOTE 4Testing tot
29、alling 24 h generally produces significant abrasionin most concrete surfaces, but it is recommended to extend the period ofFIG. 1 Test ApparatusC1138M 122simulation if more severe abrasion is desired. Additional testing time maybe required for concrete that is highly resistant to abrasion.8. Calcula
30、tion8.1 Calculate the abrasion loss as follows:8.1.1 Calculate the volume of the specimen at any time asfollows:Vt5Wair2 WwaterGw(1)where:Vt= volume of the specimen at the desired time, m3,Wair= mass of the specimen in air at the desired time, kg,Wwater= apparent mass of the specimen in water at the
31、desired time, kg, andGw= unit weight of water kg/m3.8.1.2 Calculate the volume of concrete lost at the end of anytime increment of testing as follows:VLt5 Vi2 Vt(2)where:VLt= volume of material lost by abrasion at the end of thetest increment in question, m3,Vi= volume of specimen before testing, m3
32、, andVt= volume of the specimen at the end of the test incre-ment in question m3.NOTE 1116 Ga (0.059 in.)304 Stainless SteelNOTE 2Rotation of agitation paddle clockwise when viewed from shaft end.NOTE 3Shaft length to be adjusted to fit assembly in Fig. 11.in. mm21 533518 1305 127458 117412 1143316
33、97214 57 TOLERANCE Material FINISH TITLE112 38 UNLESS 16 GA.(.059) STEEL138 35 OTHERWISESPECIFIED REVISIONS BY DATEAGITATIONPADDLE12578 2258 1612 1338 1014 618 3116 2FIG. 2 Agitation PaddleTABLE 1 Abrasive ChargesNumber of Balls Nominal Size Minimum Diameter10 1.00 in. 25.3 mm (0.95 in.)35 0.75 in.
34、19.0 mm (0.70 in.)25 0.50 in. 12.6 mm (0.45 in.)C1138M 1238.2 Should it be desired to calculate the average depth ofwear at the end of any time increment of testing based onvolume of abraded material, it may be done as follows:ADAt5 VLt/A (3)where:ADAt= average depth of abrasion at the end of the te
35、stincrement in question, m, andA = area of top of specimen m2.9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following:9.1.1 A plot of time versus abrasion loss of at least threeindividual test specimens and the average of all specimens ofa type that were tested.9.1.2 The average diameter of each specime
36、n. The volumeof each specimen at the end of each test period.9.1.3 Relevant data as desired on the concrete representedby the specimens.9.1.4 Mass of the grinding balls at the beginning and end ofthe testing.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionThe single laboratory coefficient of varia-tion among te
37、st specimens made from a single batch ofconcrete was found to be 14.0 %. Therefore, in a properlyconducted test, the range among test results from the threespecimens required by the test method should be no greaterthan 46.2 % of their mean. (See Note 5.)4NOTE 5This number represents the 1 S limit, a
38、s defined by PracticeC670. This limit was calculated according to paragraph 3.3.2 of PracticeC670 91a. The variation due to making specimens from differentconcrete batches was found to be too small to detect.10.2 BiasNo estimate of bias is being made because thereis no recognized standard material f
39、or this test method.11. Keywords11.1 abrasion; agitation; concrete; density, wearAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRECISION OF THE TEST METHODX1.1 This test method was originally developed and used bythe Corps of Engineers.5When developed and during its initialuse, abrasion loss as determined b
40、y the test method wasexpressed as a percentage of the original mass of the specimen.For tests so conducted the single-operator standard deviation(1S) was found to be 0.42 % and hence, the results of twoproperly conducted tests by the same operator on specimensfrom the same batch of concrete should n
41、ot differ by more than1.18 % (D2S). These limits were calculated as described inPractice C670.X1.2 The test method was revised to reflect loss in terms ofvolume rather than in terms of mass to eliminate differences inresults resulting from the allowable variations in specimensize.SUMMARY OF CHANGESC
42、ommmittee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,C1138M05(2010)1, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved December 1, 2012)(1) Added new Section 3 Terminology, including reference toTerminology C125, and renumbered subsequent secti
43、ons.(2) Added new Section 11 Keywords.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1009.5Liu, Tony C., “Abrasion Resistance of Concrete,” ACI Journal, ProceedingsVol 78, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1981, pp 341-350.C1138M 124ASTM I
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