1、Designation: C1140/C1140M 11Standard Practice forPreparing and Testing Specimens from Shotcrete TestPanels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1140/C1140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing test panelsof dry-mix or wet-mix shotcrete and for testing specimenss
3、awed or cored from the panels.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may
4、result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory materials (excluding those in tablesand figures) that shall not be considered as requirements of thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
5、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining
6、and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (UsingSimple Beam with Third-Point Loading)C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Conc
7、reteC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC171 Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing ConcreteC231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con-crete by the Pressure MethodC457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination ofParameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened
8、 ConcreteC511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in theTesting of Hydraulic Cements and ConcretesC513 Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Specimens ofHardened Lightweight Insulating Concrete for Compres-sive StrengthC642 Test Method for Density
9、, Absorption, and Voids inHardened ConcreteC995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-ReinforcedConcrete Through Inverted Slump Cone3C1018 Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First-CrackStrength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam WithThird-Point Loading)3C1399 Test Method for Obtaining Aver
10、age Residual-Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this stan-dard, refer to Terminology C125.4. Significance and Use4.1 Specimens obtained in accordance with the proceduresection of this practice may be used for preconstruction studiesof s
11、hotcrete mixtures, to qualify nozzlemen and equipment, orfor quality control, or compressive or flexural strength testing,during the progress of a project.5. Test Panels5.1 Forms for Panels:5.1.1 The form for receiving the shotcrete shall be eitherwood or steel construction and sufficiently rigid to
12、 preventdislodging of the shotcrete through vibration or deformation.The form shall have a minimum width and length of 610 mm24 in. and a minimum depth of 89 mm 312 in. with eithersquare or sloped sides. Larger panels may be desirable forqualifying nozzlemen, equipment, or mixture design.1This pract
13、ice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concreteand Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.46on Shotcrete.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C114003a. DO
14、I:10.1520/C1140_C1140M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved versi
15、on of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.1.1 Wood FormsWood forms shall have a back madefrom ply
16、wood at least 19 mm 34 in. thick. Side pieces shallbe made of lumber with a minimum thickness of 38 mm 112in.5.1.1.2 Steel FormsSteel forms shall be made usingmaterial having a minimum thickness of 5 mm 316 in.6. Materials6.1 Dry-Mix ProcessThe test mixture shall be of the samematerials and proporti
17、ons being used or proposed for use in thestructure.6.2 Wet-Mix ProcessThe test mixture shall be of thespecified slump and have the specified air content and unitweight, or, when fibers are used, the specified time of flow, aircontent, and unit weight as the mixture being used or proposedfor use in t
18、he structure. Determine the air content by TestMethod C231, the unit weight by Test Method C138/C138M,slump by Test Method C143/C143M and time of flow by TestMethod C995 prior to shooting the panels.7. Procedure7.1 Number of PanelsA separate panel shall be shot foreach mixture representing each admi
19、xture type or dosage, fibertype or fiber volume and each shooting position anticipated inthe structure (that is, slab, slopes, vertical, and overhead).7.2 The admixture, if one is used, shall be added in the samemanner and dosage as proposed for use or used in the structure.7.3 Reinforcing bars shal
20、l be included in test specimensused for bar encapsulation studies and qualification of person-nel, equipment, and application techniques. Reinforcing barsshould be excluded from samples prepared for compressive,flexural, and tensile tests. If fibers are added to the shotcrete,they should be included
21、 in the respective test samples.7.4 Shotcreting:7.4.1 EquipmentShotcrete shall be applied using theequipment, water pressure, and air pressure to be used on thestructure.7.4.2 PersonnelThe operating personnel (nozzlemen andgun operator) shall be those to be used on the structure.7.4.3 Application of
22、 ShotcreteApply the shotcrete to thepanel forms in the manner as proposed for use or as is beingdone in the structure. Dampen wood forms just prior toshotcreting.8. Curing8.1 To prevent evaporation of water from the panels, thepanels shall be covered and tightly wrapped (as soon afterfabrication as
23、is safe to prevent damage) with a sheet ofmaterial meeting requirements of Specification C171 or storedin a moist room meeting the requirements of SpecificationC511. Field cured specimens shall be moved to the laboratoryjust prior to testing.8.2 Latex admixed shotcrete panels shall be moist-cured fo
24、r24 h and then air-dried for the balance of the curing cycle.9. Obtaining and Testing Specimens9.1 Specimens shall be obtained from panels by drillingcores or sawing beams in accordance with Test MethodC42/C42M, or by sawing cubes in accordance with TestMethod C513. Samples to be cored or sawed shal
25、l be removedfrom the central portion of the specimen. Samples shall not betaken from the shotcrete in the space equal to the depth plus25.4 mm 1 in. from the outside edges. For 89 mm 312 in.deep, 610 3 610 mm 24 3 24 in. forms, this corresponds to114mm412 in. from the inside of the bottom corner for
26、medby the base of the form, resulting in a sample area of 381 3381 mm 15 3 15 in. Cores and beams shall be free fromcorrugations and striations caused by uneven sawing or coring.It is recommended that all flat surfaces be sawed to ensureparallel and smooth surfaces. Cores shall be drilled and tested
27、for compressive strength perpendicular to the surface of thepanel. Cubes and beams may be tested either perpendicular orparallel to the surface of the panel. The direction of testing caninfluence the results and shall be specified. Proper handling offreshly applied specimens requires they be protect
28、ed fromdamage due to extremes of temperature and vibrating move-ments, shaking, or shock during the hydration process. Beamsshall be tested in accordance with Test Method C78 except thatbeams of fiber-reinforced concrete shall be tested in accor-dance with Test Method C1018 or Test Method C1399.9.1.
29、1 AgeSpecimens shall be obtained from panels andtested at designated ages. Unless moisture conditioning isspecified, the specimens shall be obtained from panels no morethan 2 h before being tested.9.1.2 ConditioningWhen moisture conditioning is speci-fied, it shall be in accordance with the provisio
30、ns of TestMethod C42/C42M unless otherwise specified by the pur-chaser.9.2 The density, absorption, and voids shall be determinedin accordance with the provisions of Test Method C642. Dataobtained in flexural tests shall be treated in accordance withTest Methods C78, C1018 or C1399.NOTE 1If the purc
31、haser requests it, the air content of the hardenedshotcrete may be determined by Test Method C457.10. Calculation10.1 The length to diameter correction factor found in TestMethod C42/C42M shall be applied to compressive strengths.For sawed cubes, compressive strengths shall be multiplied bya correct
32、ion factor of 0.85 to obtain equivalent strength ofdrilled cores.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following data pertinent tothe variables or combinations of variables studied in the tests:11.1.1 Type and proportions of cement and admixture, fineand coarse aggregate including maximum size
33、 and grading,free water content, in the case of wet-mix shotcrete, andtemperature.11.1.2 Type and proportion of any fibers used.11.1.3 Position of panel as shot.11.1.4 Type of shotcrete, that is, wet or dry.11.1.5 Name of nozzleman and gun operator.11.1.6 Specimen size and moisture conditioning.11.1
34、.7 Direction of testing relative to panel surface.11.1.8 Unit weight, air content, absorption and voids,slump, and time of flow, if applicable.C1140/C1140M 11211.1.9 Strength and other mechanical properties evaluatedand test methods used, and correction factors applied.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The
35、 precision and bias of tests conducted on specimensprepared according to this practice will be that of the refer-enced test methods.13. Keywords13.1 beams; cores; cubes; shotcrete; test panelsSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the l
36、ast issue, C114003a,that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved December 1, 2011)(1) Revised the standard as a dual units practice. (2) Replaced old Section 3 with a Terminology Sectionincluding reference to C125.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent righ
37、ts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any
38、time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments wil
39、l receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by AST
40、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1140/C1140M 113
