1、Designation: C 1140 03aStandard Practice forPreparing and Testing Specimens from Shotcrete TestPanels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing test panelsof dry-mix or wet-mix shotcrete and for testing specimenssawed or cor
3、ed from the panels.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pr
4、actices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of Concrete2C 78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (UsingSimple Beam with Third-Point Lo
5、ading)2C 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete2C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Ce-ment Concrete2C 171 Specification for Sheet Materials For Curing Con-crete2C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the P
6、ressure Method2C 457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination ofParameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete2C 511 Specification for Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, andWater Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of HydraulicCements and Concretes2C 513 Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Spec
7、imens ofHardened Lightweight Insulating Concrete for Compres-sive Strength2C 642 Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids inHardened Concrete2C 995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-ReinforcedConcrete Through Inverted Slump Cone2C 1018 Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First-Crack Str
8、ength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beamwith Third-Point Loading)2C 1399 Test Method for Obtaining Average Residual-Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete23. Summary of Practice3.1 Test panels of shotcrete are fabricated using the person-nel, materials, equipment, and shooting positions under i
9、nves-tigation. Specimens are core drilled or sawed from these panelsfor evaluation.4. Significance and Use4.1 Specimens obtained in accordance with the proceduresection of this practice may be used for preconstruction studiesof shotcrete mixtures, to qualify nozzlemen and equipment, orfor quality co
10、ntrol, or compressive or flexural strength testing,during the progress of a project.5. Test Panels5.1 Forms for Panels:5.1.1 The form for receiving the shotcrete shall be eitherwood or steel construction and sufficiently rigid to preventdislodging of the shotcrete through vibration or deformation.Th
11、e form shall have a minimum width and length of 24 in. (610mm) and a minimum depth of 312 in. (89 mm) with eithersquare or sloped sides. Larger panels may be desirable forqualifying nozzlemen, equipment, or mixture design.5.1.1.1 Wood FormsWood forms shall have a back madefrom plywood at least34 in.
12、 (19 mm) thick. Side pieces shall bemade of lumber with a minimum thickness of 112 in. (38 mm).5.1.1.2 Steel FormsSteel forms shall be made usingmaterial having a minimum thickness of316 in. (5 mm).6. Materials6.1 Dry-Mix ProcessThe test mixture shall be of the samematerials and proportions being us
13、ed or proposed for use in thestructure.6.2 Wet-Mix ProcessThe test mixture shall be of thespecified slump and have the specified air content and unitweight, or, when fibers are used, the specified time of flow, air1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concreteand Concrete
14、 Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.46 on Shotcrete.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 1140-03.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
15、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.content, and unit weight as the mixture being used or proposedfor use in the structure. Determine the air content by TestMethod C 231, the unit weight by Test Method C 138/C 138M,slump by Test Method C 143/C 143M and tim
16、e of flow by TestMethod C 995 prior to shooting the panels.7. Procedure7.1 Number of PanelsA separate panel shall be shot foreach mixture representing each admixture type or dosage, fibertype or fiber volume and each shooting position anticipated inthe structure (that is, slab, slopes, vertical, and
17、 overhead).7.2 The admixture, if one is used, shall be added in the samemanner and dosage as proposed for use or used in the structure.7.3 Reinforcing bars shall be included in test specimensused for bar encapsulation studies and qualification of person-nel, equipment, and application techniques. Re
18、inforcing barsshould be excluded from samples prepared for compressive,flexural, and tensile tests. If fibers are added to the shotcrete,they should be included in the respective test samples.7.4 Shotcreting:7.4.1 EquipmentShotcrete shall be applied using theequipment, water pressure, and air pressu
19、re to be used on thestructure.7.4.2 PersonnelThe operating personnel (nozzlemen andgun operator) shall be those to be used on the structure.7.4.3 Application of ShotcreteApply the shotcrete to thepanel forms in the manner as proposed for use or as is beingdone in the structure. Dampen wood forms jus
20、t prior toshotcreting.8. Curing8.1 To prevent evaporation of water from the panels, thepanels shall be covered and tightly wrapped (as soon afterfabrication as is safe to prevent damage) with a sheet ofmaterial meeting requirements of Specification C 171 or storedin a moist room meeting the requirem
21、ents of SpecificationC 511. Field cured specimens shall be moved to the laboratoryjust prior to testing.8.2 Latex admixed shotcrete panels shall be moist-cured for24 h and then air-dried for the balance of the curing cycle.9. Obtaining and Testing Specimens9.1 Specimens shall be obtained from panels
22、 by drillingcores or sawing beams in accordance with Test MethodC 42/C 42M, or by sawing cubes in accordance with TestMethod C 513. Samples to be cored or sawed shall be removedfrom the central portion of the specimen. Samples shall not betaken from the shotcrete in the space equal to the depth plus
23、 1in. (25.4 mm) from the outside edges. For 312 in. (89 mm)deep, 24 3 24 in. (610 3 610 mm) forms, this corresponds to412 in. (114 mm) from the inside of the bottom corner formedby the base of the form, resulting in a sample area of 15 3 15in. (381 3 381 mm). Cores and beams shall be free fromcorrug
24、ations and striations caused by uneven sawing or coring.It is recommended that all flat surfaces be sawed to ensureparallel and smooth surfaces. Cores shall be drilled and testedfor compressive strength perpendicular to the surface of thepanel. Cubes and beams may be tested either perpendicular orpa
25、rallel to the surface of the panel. The direction of testing caninfluence the results and shall be specified. Proper handling offreshly applied specimens requires they be protected fromdamage due to extremes of temperature and vibrating move-ments, shaking, or shock during the hydration process. Bea
26、msshall be tested in accordance with Test Method C 78 except thatbeams of fiber-reinforced concrete shall be tested in accor-dance with Test Method C 1018 or Test Method C 1399.9.1.1 AgeSpecimens shall be obtained from panels andtested at designated ages. Unless moisture conditioning isspecified, th
27、e specimens shall be obtained from panels no morethan 2 h before being tested.9.1.2 ConditioningWhen moisture conditioning is speci-fied, it shall be in accordance with the provisions of TestMethod C 42/C 42M unless otherwise specified by the pur-chaser.9.2 The density, absorption, and voids shall b
28、e determinedin accordance with the provisions of Test Method C 642. Dataobtained in flexural tests shall be treated in accordance withTest Methods C 78, C 1018 or C 1399.NOTE 1If the purchaser requests it, the air content of the hardenedshotcrete may be determined by Test Method C 457.10. Calculatio
29、n10.1 The length to diameter correction factor found in TestMethod C 42/C 42M shall be applied to compressive strengths.For sawed cubes, compressive strengths shall be multiplied bya correction factor of 0.85 to obtain equivalent strength ofdrilled cores.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the f
30、ollowing data pertinent tothe variables or combinations of variables studied in the tests:11.1.1 Type and proportions of cement and admixture, fineand coarse aggregate including maximum size and grading,free water content, in the case of wet-mix shotcrete, andtemperature.11.1.2 Type and proportion o
31、f any fibers used.11.1.3 Position of panel as shot.11.1.4 Type of shotcrete, that is, wet or dry.11.1.5 Name of nozzleman and gun operator.11.1.6 Specimen size and moisture conditioning.11.1.7 Direction of testing relative to panel surface.11.1.8 Unit weight, air content, absorption and voids,slump,
32、 and time of flow, if applicable.11.1.9 Strength and other mechanical properties evaluatedand test methods used, and correction factors applied.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision and bias of tests conducted on specimensprepared according to this practice will be that of the refer-enced test me
33、thods.13. Keywords13.1 beams; cores; cubes; shotcrete; test panelsC 1140 03a2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validi
34、ty of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your commen
35、ts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have no
36、t received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1140 03a3
