1、Designation: C 1171 05Standard Test Method forQuantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock andThermal Cycling on Refractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used for determining the strengthloss or reduction in continuity, or both,
3、 of prism-shapedspecimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes andsubjected to thermal cycling.1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference inmodulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens andthe specimens subjected to thermal cycling.1.3 The reduction in structural continuity i
4、s estimated by thedifference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values stated in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
5、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-lus
6、 of Rupture of RefractoriesC 607 Practice for Coking Large Shapes of Carbon-BearingMaterialsC 1419 Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Refractory Ma-terials at Room Temperature and Its Use in Obtaining anApproximate Youngs ModulusE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 691 Practice fo
7、r Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractoryproduct to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes intemperature.3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of thiscycling te
8、st is 1200C (2190F), this test method may notindicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cyclingat higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existingmorphology of the refractory product changes.3.3 This test method is useful for research and development,as well as for comparing r
9、efractory products. The precisionshould be considered when using this test for specificationpurposes.3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to berugged:temperature +5Chot spacing12 to34 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)cold spacing12 to34 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)center vs. end gripping of the barshothold
10、time 10to15mincoldholdtime 10to15minoperator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)initially cold or heated sampleslast in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)removal from the furnacesawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testingbar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 m
11、m)4. Apparatus4.1 Furnace, capable of maintaining 1200C (2190F) withrecovery rate of less than 5 min to temperature.4.2 Abrasive Saw, to cut the test specimens.4.3 Dryer, capable of operating at 105C to 110C (220F to230F).4.4 Tongs or Fork, for handling hot specimens.4.5 Safety Equipment, such as gl
12、oves, face shields, andtinted safety glasses.4.6 Alumina Setter Brick, 90 %, placed 5 in. (127 mm) apartin and outside the furnace.4.7 Strength Testing MachineAny form of standard me-chanical or hydraulic compression testing machine that con-forms to the requirements of Practices E4may be used.1This
13、 test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallypublished in 1991 as C 1171 91. Last previous edition approved in 2003 asC 1171
14、 96 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
15、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.8 Sonic Velocity MachineTest apparatus3conforming tothe section on Test Apparatus of Test Method C 1419.5. Sampling5.1 The sampling shall consist of at least two bricks orshapes, or test samples made from monolithic refractories. Atl
16、east ten test specimens shall be used. An equal number ofspecimens shall be taken from each of the bricks or shapes.5.2 Samples should be prefired to a temperature at least ashigh as the test temperatures.6. Test Specimens6.1 Test specimens shall be 1 6132 in. by 1 6132 in. byapproximately 6 in. (25
17、 6 0.8 by 25 6 0.8 by approximately152 mm). Note in the report if other specimen sizes are used.Specimens cut from brick shall have at least one original bricksurface. If cut shapes, the specimens shall be taken parallel tothe longest dimension. For irregular shapes, all four longsurfaces of the spe
18、cimens may be cut faces. Note this in thereport.6.2 Opposite faces of the specimen shall be approximatelyparallel, and adjacent faces shall be approximately perpendicu-lar.6.3 Measure the width and depth of the test specimen atmid-span to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3 mm).6.4 Specimens should be visuall
19、y crack- and flaw-free.6.5 Dry specimens to constant weight at 105 to 110C (220to 230F).6.6 Carbon-containing samples must be coked according toPractice C 607 and must be wrapped in foil4during the cyclingprocedure. See Fig. 1 for the wrapping technique.7. Procedure7.1 Measure the sonic velocity alo
20、ng the length of each testspecimen according to Test Method C 1419 and divide thespecimens into two equal groups on the basis of similardistributions of velocity measurements.7.2 Determine the cold modulus of rupture (using TestMethods C 133) on one group, using three point loading witha 5-in. (127-
21、mm) span and a loading rate of 175 lbf/min (778N/mm).7.3 Preheat the test furnace to the test temperature of 12006 15C (2190 6 25F); preheating is usually done the nightprior to testing. Use of other test temperatures is allowed andmust be included as a deviation in the report.7.4 Place the test spe
22、cimens from the remaining group intothe furnace spanning the setter brick and allow them to remainthere for 10 to 15 min. Then, remove the specimens from thefurnace and allow them to cool for 10 to 15 min while spanningthe setter brick in ambient air. This is considered one full cycle.Keep the speci
23、mens12 to34 in. (12.77 to 19 mm) apart duringeach 10 to 15 min interval. Repeat for a total of five full cycles.Cycle time in the furnace starts after recovery.7.5 Measure the sonic velocity (using Test Method C 1419)along the length of each cycled test specimen.7.6 Determine the cold modulus of rup
24、ture (using TestMethods C 133) of each cycled test specimen from the secondgroup, using three point loading with a 5-in. (127-mm) spanand a loading rate of 175 lbf/min (778 N/mm) or 0.05 in./min(1.27 mm/min).8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the percent sonic velocity loss of each speci-men as follows:V02
25、 VFV03 100where:V0= original sonic velocity of each specimen, ft/s (m/s),andVF= sonic velocity of each specimen after testing, ft/s(m/s).8.2 Calculate the percent modulus of rupture strength loss ofeach specimen as follows:M02 MfM03 100where:M0= average modulus of rupture strength of the un-shocked
26、specimens from the first group after testing,psi (MPa), andMf= modulus of rupture strength of each specimen for thesecond group after testing, psi (MPa).9. Report9.1 Report the individual sonic velocity, modulus of rupture,percent sonic velocity loss, and percent modulus of rupturestrength loss valu
27、es, as well as the average percent sonicvelocity loss, the average percent modulus of rupture loss, andthe furnace temperature. Report the number of test specimensincluded in any modulus of rupture calculation. The reportshall also list any deviations from standard test requirements.10. Precision an
28、d Bias10.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory round-robin test was conducted in 1988 among six laboratories on3A commercially available instrument, such as a James V-Meter, Pundit, orequivalent, is an acceptable test apparatus.4The sole source of supply of the Rao-Foil heat resistant foil (
29、item number RAAMS 5592, 24-in. (610-mm) wide, 0.002-in. (0.05-mm) thick), known to thecommittee at this time is Rolled Alloys, 125 West Sterns Rd., Temperance, MI. Ifyou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive
30、careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee1, which you may attend.FIG. 1 Foil Wrapping for Prism Shock Test (Not to Scale)C1171052three different types of refractory products. Each laboratorytested two specimens from each of five samples of each ofthree different types.
31、 Each laboratory determined sonic veloc-ity and modulus of rupture strength after cycling to 1200C.The components of variance from this study expressed asstandard deviation and relative standard deviation are given inTable 1. Refer to Practice E 691 for calculation of componentsof variance.10.2 Prec
32、isionThe results of the interlaboratory study areshown in Table 1. The precision was found to vary based on thetype of material tested. A test result should be consideredsignificantly different at a confidence level of 95 % if therepeatability or reproducibility, or both, exceeds the precisiondata l
33、isted in Table 1.10.3 BiasNo justifiable statement of bias is possible sincetrue variables cannot be established by an acceptable referencemethod.11. Keywords11.1 modulus of rupture; refractories; sonic velocity; ther-mal cyclingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pat
34、ent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision
35、 at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comm
36、ents will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighte
37、d by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-m
38、ail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Relative PrecisionModulus of RuptureBrick Type MOR Lost, % CoefficientWithin Lab, %VariationBetween Labs, %RepeatabilityInterval, Percentof AverageReproducibilityInterval, Percentof Average70 % Alumina:Specimen 1Specimen 220.6819.4459.4353.0965
39、.3366.51166.40148.64182.92186.2360 % MgO DB:Specimen 1Specimen 259.4855.5225.7419.9229.3622.1872.0755.7882.2162.10MgOC:Specimen 1Specimen 223.5831.4946.1074.3196.8283.01129.08208.07271.09232.42Sonic VelocityBrick TypeSonic VelocityLost, %Coefficient WithinLab,%VariationBetween Labs, %RepeatabilityIn
40、terval, Percentof AverageReproducibilityInterval, Percentof Average70 % Alumina:Specimen 1Specimen 214.0313.7911.6217.3721.7423.3732.5348.6360.8766.9660 % MgO DB:Specimen 1Specimen 242.4144.1914.157.9819.1413.8539.6132.3553.5838.78MgOC:Specimen 1Specimen 222.6423.756.0838.6978.9094.7617.03108.33220.92265.33C1171053
