1、Designation: C1242 11Standard Guide forSelection, Design, and Installation of Dimension StoneAttachment Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural building stone is chosen as a buildings cladding for its beauty which endures with minimalmaintenance. Stone i
3、s durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting theparticular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method ofattachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executedstone cladding is designed and inst
4、alled within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and supportsystem to resist all forces that work on them.This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages andevaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of cur
5、renttechniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. Theguide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure forstone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applications
6、,and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Commentfrom users is encouraged.Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use t
7、his guide. Users of thisguide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the buildings structuralbehavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchor-ing systems and discu
8、sses the design principles to be consid-ered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravityloads and applied loads.1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the designof stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of thosedesign considerations.1.3 This guide pertains to:1.3.1
9、 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the buildingstructure for support,1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or tocurtainwall components after these support systems are at-tached to the building structure,1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or tocurtainwall components w
10、ith stone cladding preassembledbefore these support systems are attached to the buildingstructure, and1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication andinstallation of the above.1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommen-dations of the manufacturers, and standards governing inter
11、-facing work.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
12、Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on AttachmentComponents and Systems.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1242 10. DOI:10.1520/C1242-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
13、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
14、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and2.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravityof Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Sto
15、neC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC406 Specification for Roofing SlateC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specific
16、ation for Slate Dimension StoneC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of DimensionStoneC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorDimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static AirPressure DifferenceC1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual St
17、one An-chorages in Dimension StoneC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneE632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to AidPrediction of the Service Life of Building Components andMaterials3. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsFor defini
18、tions of terms used inthis guide, refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listedin 8.4.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi-neers, and contractors who either design or install exteriorstone cladding for architectur
19、al structures.4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineeringdesign considerations, documentation, material considerations,anchor type applications, and installation workmanship toassist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durablestone cladding.4.3 Stone and its support systems a
20、re part of a buildingsskin and shall be compatible with the behavior and perfor-mance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall andsuperstructure frame.4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with ap-plicable building codes.4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede pu
21、blishedrecommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of otherdimension stone industry publications should be reviewed andconsidered in addition to this Guides recommendations. Allindustry information should be considered with respect toproject specifications and requirements. If provisions of
22、 suchpublications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptablepractice to follow the publications provisions if recommendedby the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditionsof the individual project.4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variabil-ity of pertinent pro
23、perties of the stone proposed for use shouldbe determined by testing and statistical methods that areevaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent testdata where applicable. Always reference proven performanceof relevant existing structures.4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be c
24、onsidered.4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and compo-nents including the stone shall be interactively compatible.4.4 Stone SpecialistSome conditions require professionalexpertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system,establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,
25、de-sign and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabri-cation and installation. A specialist is a person that comple-ments the capabilities of the project team by contributingspecific expert experience with the use, selection, design, andinstallation of dimension stone.4.4.1 Particular cond
26、itions where special expertise is sug-gested to achieve a reliable installation:2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
27、onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Dimension Stone SpecificationsStone Type ASTM SpecificationCalciteAC503DolomiteAC503Granite C615LimestoneBC568Marble (exterior)BC503Quartz-BasedBC616QuartziteAC616Quartzitic SandstoneAC616SandstoneAC616SerpentineAC503Serpentine C1526Slate (roof) C406Slate (walls) C629Trave
28、rtineAC1527AThis stone type is a subclassification.BThis stone type has subclassifications or grades.TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test MethodsMeasures ASTM Test Methodliquid porosity and relative density C97combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99ultimate crushing unit strength C170prim
29、ary tensile unit strength from bending C880capacity and deflections of panels assembled withtheir anchors onto their supporting backup structureC1201individual anchor strength C1354accelerated production of service life E632C1242 1124.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methodsof unknown or
30、 questionable performance records are likely tobe considered or specified;4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specifiedsystems and materials is not known or questionable;4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the samefacade;4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or backup is more fle
31、xiblethan L/600 in any direction;4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic,hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail.4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or proj-ect specifications differ from this gui
32、de.5. Installation Standards5.1 DocumentationThe basis for standard workmanshipshall be established in the design documents issued to describe,regulate, or control the construction. These documents may beissued by the architect, engineer, the design-build authority, thecontractor, or others authoriz
33、ed to impose law or code. Ex-amples are as follows:5.1.1 The architectural drawings and specifications identi-fying stone type, finish, thickness, sizes, and details and therelationship to other architectural elements and the buildingstructure.5.1.2 The architectural drawings and specifications iden
34、ti-fying the scope of work and the materials required. These may:(1) define the performance criteria to be satisfied, (2) specifythe standards of performance to be used in meeting thosecriteria, (3) provide for adequate performance guarantees forthe materials and methods of construction, and (4) pre
35、scribedefinitive material details and systems to satisfy project re-quirements. In addition, the specifications shall establish stonefabrication and installation tolerances. The tolerances recom-mended by stone trade associations could be used as a guideand included in the specification.FIG. 1 Dowel
36、 AnchorC1242 1135.1.3 Project specifications shall cite the ASTM standardmaterial specification (see 2.1) governing the stone intendedfor use and identify the classification or grade within thatstandard specification.5.1.4 Shop drawings indicating in detail all parts of the workrequired, including m
37、aterial types, thicknesses, finishes and allother pertinent information dealing with fabrication, anchor-age, and installation. The drawings shall show contiguousmaterials or assemblies which are provided by others in theirrange of positions according to their specified tolerances.5.2 TolerancesInst
38、allation tolerances and requirements,once specified, bind the installation contractor, by contract, toperform the work within those specified tolerances. Thespecification requires the installation contractor to progres-sively examine the construction to which his work attaches oradjoins, reporting t
39、o the prime contractor any condition thatmay prevent performance within the standard established.Some commonly specified installation tolerances follow:5.2.1 Variation from plumb of wall surfaces, arises, externalcorners, joints, and other conspicuous lines should not exceed14 in. (6.4 mm) in any st
40、ory or in 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum.5.2.2 Variation in level from grades shown for horizontaljoints and other conspicuous lines should not exceed14 in. in20 ft (6.4 mm in 6.1 m) maximum, nor34 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mmin 12.2 m) or more.5.2.3 Variation in linear building lines from positions shownon drawing
41、s and related portion of wall facing should notexceed12 in. (12.7 mm) in any bay or 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum,nor34 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm in 12.2 m) or more.5.2.4 Variation in the face plane of adjacent pieces (lippage)should not exceed one fourth of the width of the joint betweenthe pieces up to but no
42、t more than116 in. (1.5 mm) unless panelfinish is not smooth or panel size exceeds 20 ft2(1.8 mm2).5.3 WorkmanshipGood construction requires mechanicsthat have previous successful experience installing similarstonework to do the new work. Less experienced personnel canFIG. 2 Kerf AnchorC1242 114only
43、 be allowed when they work in a crew continuously withthe mechanic who has previous successful experience. Similarwork means same type of site fabrication, anchorage, settingmethod, and support system as the new work.6. Materials of Construction6.1 Metals:6.1.1 Metals used for anchors or anchorage s
44、ystem compo-nents are selected according to their use:6.1.1.1 Metal in contact with stone should beAISI Type 304or 316 stainless steel, or bronze, or aluminum coated withepoxy paint or equivalent coating after fabrication. Mill finishor anodized aluminum can be used with granite. Consult metalindust
45、ry references regarding specific application limitationsand requirements, however, use Type 316 stainless steel whenthe project is exposed to chlorides, including locations exposedto deicing salt-laden road mists and locations within 5 to 10miles of a saltwater body. Copper, brass and stainless stee
46、l wireare used for ties.6.1.1.2 Stainless steel components less than14-in. (6-mm)thick should not be welded. Where welding is required in theassembly, use low-carbon versions of the alloys such as Type304L where Type 304 is allowed and Type 316L where Type316 is allowed.6.1.1.3 Exterior wire ties us
47、ed with cement mortar spotsshould be ductile stainless steel. Avoid copper and aluminumwith mortar due to incompatibility. Stainless steel, copper,brass and aluminum can be used with gypsum or moldingFIG. 3 Rod and Plug AnchorFIG. 4 Adhesive Embedded Threaded AnchorFIG. 5 Point Loading PreventionFIG
48、. 5 Point Loading Prevention (continued) (continued)C1242 115plaster for interior applications. Verify mortar or plaster willnot darken or stain stone before using wire ties with spots foranchors.6.1.1.4 Metal not in direct contact with stone exposed toweather should be stainless steel, galvanized s
49、teel, zinc-richpainted or epoxy-coated steel, or aluminum.6.2 Sealants:6.2.1 Sealants used in contact with stone in joints or anchorkerfs, slots or holes should be the material recommended forthe application by both the sealant manufacturer and the stonefabricator. Proper consideration should be given to the seal-ants ability to satisfy the required properties of surfaceadhesion, tear and peel strength, elasticity, compressibility,durometer, resistance to soiling and fading, and compatibilitywith any other sealant with which it may contact.6.2.1.1 The sealant
