1、Designation: C1324 10Standard Test Method forExamination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1324; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for petrographicexamination and chemical analysis of samples of masonrymortars. Based upon such e
3、xamination and analysis, propor-tions of components in masonry mortars can be determined.NOTE 1This method is also applicable to hydraulic cement-basedstucco and plaster. Some historic mortars may contain non-resolvableconstituents that may interfere. However, significant information may beobtained
4、by petrographic examinations.1.2 Interpretations and calculations of chemical results aredependent upon results of the petrographic examination. Theuse of the chemical results alone is contrary to the requirementsof this test method.1.3 Procedures for sampling, petrographic examination,chemical anal
5、ysis, and calculations of component proportionsare given in the following sections:SectionSampling 7Petrographic examination 8Chemical analysis 9Mortar proportion calculations 10Report 111.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in th
6、isstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. R
7、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC144 Specification for Aggregate for Masonry MortarC270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of A
8、ggregatesfor ConcreteC457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination ofParameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened ConcreteC823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of HardenedConcrete in ConstructionsC856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of HardenedConcreteC1084 Test Method for Portland-Ce
9、ment Content of Hard-ened Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteD1193 Specification for Reagent Water3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this test method are defined in Terminol-ogy C125 or the other referenced ASTM standards.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides procedures for petrographicexamination
10、 and chemical analysis of mortar for componentsof masonry mortar. These components may include portlandcement, hydrated calcitic or dolomitic lime, masonry cement,aggregates, and air.4.2 The test method consists of procedures and sub-procedures, each requiring a substantial degree of petrographicand
11、 chemical skills and relatively elaborate instrumentation.4.3 The chemical data considered together with results ofpetrographic examination of a mortar provide for calculation ofcomponent proportions and thus allow a determination ofmortar composition as represented by Types M, N, S, and O inTable 1
12、 (Proportion Specification Requirements) of Specifica-tion C270.4.4 Failure of a mortar to have the composition of any typeas defined in Table 1 of Specification C270 does not necessar-ily mean that the mortar does not meet the requirements ofSpecification C270. The mortar may meet the alternativere
13、quirements of Table 2 (Property Specification Requirements)of Specification C270.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C12 on Mortarsand Grouts for Unit Masonry and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC12.02 on Research and Methods of Test.Current edition approved Dec
14、. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1324 05. DOI:10.1520/C1324-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i
15、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.5 The maleic acid method of analysis is n
16、ot applicable forthe analysis of mortar because it is greatly influenced bycarbonation and does not provide for the determination ofcalcium.5. Qualifications of Petrographer and Chemist5.1 Petrographer:5.1.1 The petrographic examination requires the skill of apetrographer well versed in the petrogra
17、phic methods ofPractice C856, Test Method C457, and Guide C295, and in theevaluations of portland cement-containing materials and ofmasonry mortars.5.1.2 The interpretation and evaluation of the petrographicdata requires detailed knowledge of the requirements ofSpecification C270.35.2 Chemist:5.2.1
18、The chemical analysis requires the skills of a chemistwell versed in methods of chemical analysis, such as of TestMethods C114 and Test Method C1084, and in the analyticalprocedures of these standards.5.2.2 The interpretation and evaluation of the results of thechemical analysis requires detailed kn
19、owledge of the require-ments of Specification C270.46. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials6.1 Apparatus used for the petrographic examination andpreparation of specimens are given in Guide C295, TestMethod C457, and Practice C856.6.2 The following apparatus for the chemical analysis shallbe chosen fr
20、om applicable items given in Test Methods C114and C1084 and from the following:6.2.1 Crushers and pulverizers,NOTE 2Crushers and pulverizers may be obtained from many labo-ratory supply houses, and include chipmunk type jaw crushers, discpulverizers, and rotating puck devices.6.2.2 Disk pulverizer,6
21、.2.3 Rotary mill (rotating puck),6.2.4 Sieve, 300 m (No. 50),6.2.5 Ice bath or electric cooling apparatus,6.2.6 Hot plate,6.2.7 Buchner porcelain funnel,6.2.8 Filter paper,6.2.9 Beakers, 250-mL and 400-mL,6.2.10 Platinum crucibles, and6.2.11 Porcelain crucibles.6.3 Reagents and Materials:6.3.1 Solub
22、le silica sub-procedure:6.3.1.1 Hydrochloric acid, reagent grade, density 1.19 mg/m3(1 + 3),6.3.1.2 Sodium hydroxide, (10 g/L).6.3.2 Calcium Oxide Sub-procedureUse reagents as re-quired in Test Methods C114.6.3.3 Insoluble Residue ProcedureHydrochloric acid, re-agent grade, density 1.19 mg/m3(1 + 4)
23、.6.3.4 WaterAll references to water shall be understood tomean reagent water Type I through IV of Specification D1193.7. Sampling7.1 The mortar sample should include intact pieces forpetrographic analysis. A 10-g sample is usually sufficient foreach composite petrographic examination and chemical an
24、aly-sis. The sampling should provide for differentiating betweenpointing and other mortars from the original mortar. For certainpurposes, sampling may be done using procedures in PracticeC823.8. Petrographic Examination8.1 General:8.1.1 Petrographic examination refers to methods in Prac-tice C856 an
25、d principally to light microscopy and to use of apetrographic microscope and a stereoscopic low power micro-scope. Ancillary techniques include X-ray diffractometry andscanning electron microscopy.8.1.2 X-ray diffraction analysis can be used to identifyphases present in mortar. This information, in
26、conjunction withthe petrographic microscopy information, is a basis for deter-mining, for the chemical analysis, which calcium oxide ormagnesium oxide sub-procedure is necessary.8.1.3 The petrographic and X-ray diffraction information isnecessary for interpretations in calculating mortar composition
27、.8.2 Mortar:8.2.1 Observe the mortar as appropriate, focusing attentionon overall mortar appearance, characteristics of tooled sur-faces, fracture surfaces and surfaces contacting masonry units,and secondary substances (efflorescence and internal secondaryproducts). Describe and report the observati
28、ons.8.2.2 If X-ray diffraction methods are used, analyze forcrystalline components in accordance with individual XRDequipment techniques.8.3 Aggregate:8.3.1 Examine the aggregate component of the mortar forrock and mineral composition using methods of Guide C295and Practice C856.8.3.2 If components
29、of the aggregate are acid-insoluble,gently break the mortar, and dissolve the paste matrix usingdilute hydrochloric acid, and thoroughly wash and filter theresidue. Dry the aggregate residue, and examine it microscopi-cally. The residue may also be sorted into particle sizes usingthe sieving method
30、of Specification C144. Aggregate particlesbroken during the mortar breakdown will skew the gradationanalysis results.8.4 PasteExamine the paste fraction of the mortar usingmethods of Practice C856. Components of the paste caninclude residual (partially hydrated portland cement particles),hydration p
31、roducts of the portland cement and their carbonatedequivalents, hydrated lime (both calcitic and dolomitic) andcarbonated hydrated lime, and finely ground mineral compo-nents such as limestone, dolomite, slag, fly ash, clay, andpigments.8.5 Air:3Erlin, Bernard and Hime, William G., “Evaluating Morta
32、r Deterioration,”Association for Preservation Technology, 1987.4Hime, William G., and Erlin, Bernard, “Methods for Analyzing Mortar,”Proceedings of the Third North American Masonry Conference, Masonry Society,1985.C1324 1028.5.1 Examine the mortar for air voids and their configura-tions and distribu
33、tion. Characterize the air voids as entrained orentrapped as defined in Terminology C125 and Test MethodC457, or both. Characterize air voids by locations, disposition,and relative size.8.5.2 Estimate the volume of air relative to the volume ofthe mortar, and report the estimate as percent air.8.5.3
34、 Measurements of characteristics of the air-void systemcan be made using Test Method C457. Usually, specialimpregnation techniques will be necessary to provide a speci-men suitable for the processing needed for this examination.An impregnation technique is given in Test Method C457.8.6 Secondary Pro
35、ductsExamine the mortar, using meth-ods of Practice C856, for secondary products in voids and ontooled, fractured, and other surfaces. Describe, identify, andcharacterize products present.8.7 Evaluation of Petrographic Data:8.7.1 Mineralogical characteristics of the aggregate shouldbe evaluated rela
36、tive to components that could interfere in anysubsequent chemical analyses, any chemical or physical insta-bility relative to alkali-silica and alkali-carbonate reactions,any degradation due to freezing and thawing, and stabilitywhen exposed to moisture.8.7.2 The paste should be evaluated so the ori
37、ginal cemen-titious components used for preparing the mortar can beidentified.8.7.3 The air-void data should be evaluated so that themortar can be classed as non-air-entrained or air-entrained.8.7.4 The individual observations of aggregate, paste, air,secondary products, and tooled and other surface
38、s should beintegrated to establish overall compositional and texturalcharacteristics of the mortar.8.8 MiscellaneousA report of the results of the petro-graphic examination should be prepared as a section of theoverall report, or as a separate report, depending upon thepurpose of the study. The repo
39、rt should include details abouteach item in 8.2 through 8.7.9. Chemical Analysis9.1 Sample PreparationCrush or grind a representativeportion of the sample so that all the material passes a 300 m(No. 50) sieve. To minimize the production of very finematerial, use several passes of the sample through
40、the grindingequipment. Remove the portion passing the sieve beforeregrinding the remainder of the sample. Thoroughly mix byconing from one paper to another ten times.9.2 Soluble Silica Sub-procedure (variation of method usedin Test Method C1084):9.2.1 Into two 250-mLbeakers introduce 100 mL1 + 4 HCl
41、.Cool within the range of 3 to 5C (38 to 41F) using an ice bathor electric cooling apparatus.59.2.2 Slowly, over a 1-min period, introduce a 2.00-gsample of crushed mortar. Maintain the 3 to 5C temperaturefor a 5-min period, and stir the mixture either continuously orat least several times during th
42、is period.NOTE 3Observation of the solution during the introduction of thesample may provide useful information. Rapid effervescence indicates asubstantial amount of calcite or carbonated paste. Slow effervescencesuggests a dolomite aggregate.9.2.3 Decant through a Buchner porcelain funnel fittedsnu
43、gly with two disks of a quantitative filter paper for fineprecipitates, Type II, Class G filter paper. Once the filtrationhas begun, take care so the mat and accumulated residue do notdry completely until the filtration process is complete. Regulatethe suction to maintain a rapid rate of filtration
44、during thegreater part of the filtration process. Retain as much of theresidue in the beaker as possible. Wash twice by decantationwith hot water. Save the filtrate. Carefully transfer the filterpaper from the funnel to the beaker containing the balance ofthe residue so that no residue is lost. Add
45、75 mL of hot sodiumhydroxide solution (10 g/L) to the residue while stirring,macerate the filter paper, and digest for 15 min. During thedigestion, occasionally stir the mixture. Decant as before, andwash twice with hot water until the filtrate is neutral to litmus.Combine the filtrates in a 400-mL
46、beaker.9.2.4 Proceed to analyze as provided in 9.2.5 and 9.2.6,oranalyze the soluble silica by any instrumental method foundacceptable for cement analysis in accordance with the perfor-mance requirement for rapid methods of Test Methods C114,provided it can be applied to the filtrate.NOTE 4Suitable
47、instrumental techniques may include atomic absorp-tion or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.9.2.5 Evaporate to dryness taking great care to minimizespattering, bake at not over 120C (248F) for 1 h, moistenwith hydrochloric acid (density 1.19 g/mL), evaporate andbake again. Take up filtration i
48、n 75 mL of hydrochloric acid(1 + 3). Heat to boiling, filter through an ashless filter paper,and wash the residue with 50 mL of hot hydrochloric acid(1 + 9) and then with hot water until the washings are free ofchlorides. Transfer the filter paper and residue to a weighedplatinum crucible, dry, and
49、ignite, at first slowly until thecarbon of the paper is completely consumed without inflaming,and finally at 1100 to 1200C for 1 h. Cool in a desiccator andweigh. Reignite to constant weight. Treat the SiO2thusobtained, which will contain small amounts of impurities, inthe crucible with 1 or 2 mL of water, 2 drops of H2SO4(1 + 1),and about 10 mL of HF, and evaporate cautiously to dryness.Finally, heat the small residue at 1050 to 1100C for 5 min,cool in a desiccator, and weigh. The difference between thisweight and the weight previously obtained represents thewei
