1、Designation: C140/C140M 15a1Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made
3、throughout the standard in February 2016.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry units and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, u
4、nit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifi
5、cations C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(Specifications C55, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof p
6、avers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concrete block(Specification D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific testing and reporting requirementsfor those units are not in
7、cluded.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9SectionReport 10Keywords 11AnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Con
8、crete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2Segmental RetainingWall UnitsAnnex A3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete BlockAnnex A7Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements forCompression TestingAnnex A8Work
9、sheet and Test Report forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppendix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach sy
10、stem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is there
11、sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick
12、 (Sand-LimeBrick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved Dec.
13、 15, 2015. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C140 15. DOI:10.1520/C0140_C0140M-15AE01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
14、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1C129 Specification for Nonloadbearin
15、g Concrete MasonryUnitsC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete InterlockingPaving UnitsC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1372 Sp
16、ecification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining WallUnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickD6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture
17、 of Ar-ticulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6shall apply for these test methods.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specif
18、ic to This Standard:3.2.1 lot, nany number of concrete masonry units orrelated units, designated by the producer, of any configurationor dimension manufactured by the producer using the samematerials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, andcuring method.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test
19、methods provide general testing requirementsfor application to a broad range of concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guide
20、lines forthose products not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicabl
21、e to all units areincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicableto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. These
22、lected specimens shall be of similar configuration anddimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, aset of units shall consist of six full-size units.5.3 Remove lo
23、ose material from the specimens (includingthe cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeloose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the sur
24、face area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as wr(receivedweight). Record time and place wrwas measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluat
25、ing results orfor sorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in t
26、imeand the frame of reference when that weight was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to date andtime references, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after un
27、its reached equilibrium with lab environment, orbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measurespecimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than0.1 in. 2.5 mm when the dimens
28、ion is to be reported to thenearest 0.1 in. 2.5 mm and not greater than 0.01 in.0.25 mm when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest0.01 in. 0.25 mm.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate tothe division required to be reported. Accuracy shall be verifiedat least once annually.
29、 Verification record shall include date ofverification, person or agency performing verification, identi-fication of reference standard used, test points used duringverification, and readings at test points.6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 Measure
30、mentsMeasure specimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations onopposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division requiredto be reported.
31、Document location of each measurement on asketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of theappropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate forthese me
32、asurements.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere s
33、hall lie at the center of the surface held in its sphericalseat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least 0.25 in. 6 mm clearance from the head toC140/C140M 15a12accommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diameter of the upper platen (d
34、etermined in accor-dance with Annex A8) shall be at least 6 in. 150 mm. Ahardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to cover the area of the specim
35、en, asingle steel plate with a thickness equal to at least the distancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be atleast 0.25 in. 6 mm greater than the length and w
36、idth of theunits. See Annex A8 for information on determining therequired minimum bearing plate thickness, tBP. The providedbearing plate (when needed) shall have a thickness at leastequal to the value of tBPas determined in Annex A8.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contactwith
37、 the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. 0.025 mmin any 6 in. 150 mm dimension.NOTE 7Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has asignificant effect on the tested com
38、pressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that caninfluence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitudeof this effect is controlled by the stiffn
39、ess of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and withreduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen. Some testinglaboratories have limitations that limit the practicalit
40、y of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areintended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression testresults so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testinglaboratory.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accorda
41、ncewith Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,specimens shall be full-sized units except when the unitscannot be te
42、sted full-size due to specimen configuration ortesting machine requirements. In these cases, reduce thespecimen size in accordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in.13 mm on all sides) continuously in air
43、 at a temperature of75 6 15F 24 6 8C and a relative humidity of less than80 % for not less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compressionresults are required sooner, store units unstacked in the sameenvironment described above with a current of air from anelectric fan passing over them for a period of not
44、 less than 4 h.Continue passing air over the specimens until two successiveweighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss notgreater than 0.2 % of the previously determined weight of thespecimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on anysurface of the unit. Specimens shall not be s
45、ubjected tooven-drying.NOTE 8In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.4) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorption specim
46、ens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isreprese
47、ntative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper ha
48、rdness. Following cutting, residue fromthe cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuingtesting (see Note 9). If the specimen is wetted during sawing,allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory airconditions before testing, using the procedures outlined in7.2.3.NOTE 9For specim
49、ens cut with a wet saw, rinsing with clean water istypically sufficient for removing cutting residue. For specimens cut with adry saw, brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient forremoving cutting residue.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testspecimens can not be determined by 9.4.1, saw-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree compression test specimens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression
