1、Designation: C 140 07Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry unit
3、s and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedu
4、res are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C 129)Annex A2Concrete brick (Specifications C55, C 1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C 1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units (
5、Specification C 936)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C 1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C 1491)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific testing and reporting re
6、quirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11AnnexesTest ProceduresConcr
7、ete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete Brick Annex A2Segmental Retaining Wall Units Annex A3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid Paving Units Annex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Determining Plate Thickness Requirements for Compression Testing Annex A7SectionWorksheet and Test Report
8、 for Concrete Masonry Units AppendixX1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C 1093.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standar
9、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
10、 Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking PavingUnitsC
11、1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC 1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated UnitsC 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC 1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall UnitsC 1491 Specification for Concret
12、e Roof PaversC 1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC 1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility
13、of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 140 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
14、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
15、9428-2959, United States.E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C 1209, C 1232,and E6shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provid
16、e general testing requirementsfor application to a broad range of concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose
17、 products not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units
18、 areincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicableto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specime
19、ns shall be of similar configuration anddimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.1.2 The term “lot” refers to any number of concretemasonry units of any configuration or dimension manufacturedby the producer using the same materials, concr
20、ete mix design,manufacturing process, and curing method.5.2 Number of SpecimensUnless specified otherwise inthe applicable annex, for the compressive strength, absorption,unit weight (density), and moisture content determinations, sixunits shall be selected from each lot of 10 000 units or fractiont
21、hereof and 12 units from each lot of more than 10 000 and lessthan 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, sixunits shall be selected from each 50 000 units or fractionthereof contained in the lot. Additional specimens shall betaken if directed by the purchaser.5.3 IdentificationMark eac
22、h specimen so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specimen.5.4 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as Wr(receivedweight). Record time and place Wrwas measured.NOTE 3Received weights of
23、ten have direct relationships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to
24、 understand the context of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in timeand the frame of reference when that weight was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In additi
25、on to date andtime references, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, orbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Steel Scaleshall have divisio
26、ns not greater than110in. (2.5 mm).6.1.2 Calipersshall have divisions not greater than1100 in.(0.25 mm) and have parallel jaws not less than12 in. (12.7 mm)nor more than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in length.6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasur
27、e specimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations onopposite sides of the specimen. Document location of eachmeasurement on a sketch or photog
28、raph of the specimen.NOTE 4Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block f
29、irmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere shall lie at the center of the surface held in its sphericalseat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least14 in. (6.3 mm) clearance from the head toaccommodate specimens whose
30、 bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accor-dance with Annex A7) shall be at least 6 in. (150 mm). Ahardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upp
31、er platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, asingle steel plate with a thickness equal to at least the distancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of th
32、e steel plate shall be atleast14 in. (6 mm) greater than the length and width of theunits.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contactwith the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces by m
33、ore than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)in any 6 in. (150 mm) dimension.NOTE 5Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has asignificant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending resul
34、ts in nonuniform stress distributions that caninfluence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitudeof this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with
35、increased plate thickness and withreduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen. Some testinglaboratories have limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areintended to provide an adequate level of accurac
36、y in the compression testC140072results so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testinglaboratory.NOTE 6Annex A7 includes guidance on determining the requiredplate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the testmachine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified
37、in accordancewith Practices E4at a frequency defined by Practice C 1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in theapplicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When
38、 theunits cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configurationor testing machine requirements, reduce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. (13mm) on all sides) continuousl
39、y in air at a temperature of 75 615F (24 6 8C) and a relative humidity of less than 80 % fornot less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression results arerequired sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fanpassing over them for a per
40、iod of not less than 4 h. Continuepassing air over the specimens until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen anduntil no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of theunit. Specimens shal
41、l not be subjected to oven-drying.NOTE 7In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.4) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorp
42、tion specimens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight tha
43、t isrepresentative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade o
44、f proper hardness. If the specimen is wetted duringsawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with labora-tory air conditions before testing, using the procedures outlinedin 7.2.3.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression tes
45、tspecimens can not be determined by 9.4.1, saw-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree compression test specimens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated a
46、srequired in 9.4. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimensshall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.7.3 CappingCap test specimens in accordance with Prac-tice C 1552.7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:7.4.1 Position of SpecimensTest specimens with the cen-troid of their bearing surface
47、s aligned vertically with the centerof thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of thetesting machine (Note 8). Except for special units intended foruse with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all hollowconcrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.Test masonry
48、 units that are 100 % solid and special hollowunits intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontaldirection in the same direction as in service.NOTE 8For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,the location of that axis can be determined geometrically by dividing thedimensio
49、n perpendicular to that axis (but in the same plane) by two. Forthose masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an axis, the location ofthat axis can be determined by balancing the masonry unit on a knife edgeor a metal rod placed parallel to that axis. If a metal rod is used, the rodshall be straight, cylindrical (able to roll freely on a flat surface), have adiameter of not less than14 in. (6.4 mm) and not more than34 in. (19.1mm), and its length shall be sufficient to extend past each end of thespecimen when placed upon it. The metal rod shall be
