1、Australia and New Zealand,Background basic kinship between Australia and New Zealand similarities of population, cultural heritage, and type of economy products of British colonization speak English, live under parliamentary forms of government, schools patterns after British model both have aborigi
2、nal minorities surviving from prewhite times close political and economic relations with US, Japan, and Europe,both prosperous nations with per capital incomes comparable to those of the small states of Europe Commonwealth ties with UKAustralias Physical and Climatic Characteristics Australia is cou
3、ntry and island continent sparsely populated very arid climate with high temperatures and rapid evaporation,Only 6% of Australia if cultivated today 14% classified as forests or woodlands 50% suitable for grazing 20% total wasteland in the interior despite small proportion of arable land, ratio of c
4、rop-producing land to total population is favorable Australia is the size of the continental US but only has 19 million people, fewer than live in California distribution of population follows arable land most Australians live in humid eastern highlands and coastal plains and humid grasslands,Natura
5、l Regions of Australia humid eastern highlands only major highlands on east coast from Cape York to Tasmania elevation under 3,000 feet only part of country with no drought Pacific winds bring much rain but rugged relief prevents much agriculture south of Sydney has marine west coast climate north o
6、f Sydney has humid subtropical climate,tropical savannas of north Australia north Australia receives heavy rainfall in summer with dry conditions in winter monsoon winds blow onshore in summer and offshore in winter produces savanna vegetation with coarse grasses, scattered trees, and patches of woo
7、dlands arid conditions, poor soils, and lack of rivers make agriculture difficult,Mediterranean lands of southwest and south southwest corner of Australia and land around the Spencer Gulf have a Mediterranean climate winter rain and summer drought Mediterranean crops do well here lack of highlands t
8、o catch moisture limited irrigation,dry interior huge interior of Australia is desert surrounded by a fringe of semi arid grassland (steppe) covers half of the continent general elevation between 1,000 and 1,500 feet few mountain ranges too low to influence climate lowest part of interior around Lak
9、e Eyre Basin is driest part of the country Murry-Darling Basin only area of river systems with some irrigation possible,Australia: Physical Map,Australian Economy Countrys leading exports are mining, grazing, and agriculture large and dependable markets for Australian primary products in Japan, US,
10、and Europe cheap and efficient transportation by sea sheep and cattle raising important penal colony near Sydney in 1788 difficult to grow crops but sheep did well by 19th C Australia was largest supplier or wool,sheep industry concentrated on western slop of eastern highlands, border of New South W
11、ales, and western border of Victoria exports of wool have declined due to synthetics cattle ranching in north around Queensland exports of meat to Japan, US, and Europe construction of rural roads to coast aided exports wheat farming wheat is major export of Australia originally developed to help fe
12、ed population around Sydney State of South Australia now most important wheat area,Adelaide is major port for wheat exports mechanization, railroads, scientific plant breeding, and new markets helped wheat exports wheat and sheep often occupy same areas southwest corner near Perth second area of gro
13、wth small labor force, large acreage, good yields per worker make this an efficient industry for Australia dairy farming largest industry in terms of employment humid coastal plains of Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria,sugar production sugar industry begun on coastal plain of Queensland in 1
14、9th C laborers imported from Melanesia to work fields formation of Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 led to repatriation of imported black labor in the interests of preserving a “white Australia.” high protective tariffs on sugar preserved the industry large estates divided up into family farms prod
15、ucing sugar,Urbanization and Industrialization most Australians are city dwellers Sydney 3.7 million; Melbourne 3.1 million; Brisbane 1.3 million; Perth 1.2 million and Adelaide 1 million 40% of Australian population live in two largest cities 85% of total Australian population live in urban areas l
16、argest cities are all seaports,much of Australian internal trade moves by coastal steamer problems with internal rail system because each state built it own system with different gauge tracks work underway to standardize rail gauge Australian government has encouraged industrial development to diver
17、sify economy concern about national security, adequate defense, self-sufficiency in case of war,Mineral Wealth mineral resources of continent relatively rich adequate supply of minerals for internal development and export ample supply of coal in New South Wales and Queensland steel plants near coal
18、mines at Newcastle north of Sydney and Wollongong to south coal is major export to Japan iron ore deposits close to coast facilitating exports,Major reserves of bauxite near north Queensland coast, Darling Range near Perth, and on coast of Amhem Land Australia is worlds leading producer of bauxite f
19、or aluminum production processed alumina exported overseas gold mining played large role in Australias history as it did in California in 1849. Australia also source of copper, lead, titanium, zinc, tin, silver, manganese, nickel, tungsten, uranium, and diamonds.,Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Aus
20、tralias largest private company, began as a mining company now produces steel and other related businesses deficiency in petroleum and natural gas though small fields were developed in the 60s and 70s Australia dependent on overseas manufactured products from Japan and US domestic manufacturers depe
21、ndent on government protection manufacturing encouraged to provide jobs and security for Australian people,Government has encouraged immigration of white, skilled, English-speaking people discriminatory policies against blacks and Asians criticized by world community immigration more dependent on ed
22、ucation and English speaking ability since 1973 New Zealand located 1,000 miles southeast of Australia New Zealand consists of two large islands- North Island and South Island separated by the Cook Strait with a combined population of 4 million North Island smaller with larger population,New Zealand
23、: Physical Map,population of New Zealand 4 million rugged terrain characterizes much of New Zealand mountains of South Island dominated by the imposing Southern Alps with many glaciated summits above 10,000 feet mountains of North Island less imposing with some peaks over 5,000 lowland areas receive
24、d more than 30 inches of rain per year, evenly distributed throughout the year.,rain shadow east of Southern Alps moderate temperatures with pervasive maritime influence temperatures average 60-70 in summer and 40-50 in winterNew Zealand Economy climate idea for growing grass and raising livestock p
25、astures and meadows support a thriving sheep and cattle industry,meat, wool, dairy products and hides account for half of New Zealands exports pastoral exports have provides New Zealanders with a comfortable life with per capital incomes equivalent to smaller European countries UK used to be the mai
26、n market for NZ products UK decision to join the EEC hurt New Zealand NZ has tried to open new markets in Asia, US, and Australia 1983 Agreement with Australia opened these markets to NZ products,industrial and urban development growing as the NZ government has tried to diversify the economy modest
27、reserves of coals, iron, and other minerals. excellent hydroelectric potential good forest product exports urbanization somewhat smaller than in Australia six urban populations with more than 100,000 people including Auckland 890,000; Wellington 375,000; and Christchurch 335,000,1840 Treaty of Waita
28、ngi- supposed to protect indigenous Maori people from land grabs Different interpretation of this treaty have worked against Maori tribes who were deprived of their historic territories NZ government set up the Waitangi Tribunal to investigate land claims. Some compensation provided to the Maoris, but not much. “Whale Rider”- NZ Maori girl seeks to learn her traditions.,
