1、Designation: C1470 06 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forTesting the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1470; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of ad-vanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/whisker
3、-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforcedceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance andinformation to users on the special considerations involved indetermining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.1.2 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermalcondu
4、ctivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, andemittance/emissivity) are presented in terms of their definitionsand general test methods. The relationship between thermalproperties and the composition, microstructure, and processingof advanced ceramics (monolithic and composite) is brieflyoutli
5、ned, providing guidance on which material and specimencharacteristics have to be considered in evaluating the thermalproperties of advanced ceramics. Additional sections describesampling considerations, test specimen preparation, and report-ing requirements.1.3 Current ASTM test methods for thermal
6、properties aretabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range,specimen requirements, standards/reference materials,capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions formonolithic and composite ceramics.1.4 This guide is based on the use of current ASTMstandards for thermal prop
7、erties where appropriate and on thedevelopment of new test standards where necessary. It is notthe intent of this guide to rigidly specify particular thermal testmethods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on howto utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal testmethods, considering the
8、ir capabilities and limitations.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
9、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:22.1.1 Specific Heat:C351 Test Method for Mean Specific Heat of ThermalInsulation (Withdrawn 200
10、8)3D2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsE1269 Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacityby Differential Scanning Calorimetry2.1.2 Thermal Conductivity:C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-
11、Plate ApparatusC182 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of InsulatingFirebrickC201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of RefractoriesC202 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of RefractoryBrickC408 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of WhitewareCeramicsC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal
12、TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC767 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of CarbonRefractoriesC1044 Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus orThin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided ModeC1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-erties Under
13、Steady-State ConditionsC1113 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refracto-ries by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance ThermometerTechnique)C1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusC1130 Practice for Calibrating Thin Heat Flux TransducersE12
14、25 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Solids by1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on AdvancedCeramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.03 on PhysicalProperties and Non-Destructive Evaluation.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013
15、. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C1470 06. DOI:10.1520/C1470-06R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standa
16、rds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Means of the Guarded-Comparative-Longitudinal HeatFlow Te
17、chniqueE1530 Test Method for Evaluating the Resistance to Ther-mal Transmission of Materials by the Guarded Heat FlowMeter Technique2.1.3 Thermal Expansion:C372 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic WhitewareProducts by the Dilatometer Method
18、C1300 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of GlazeFrits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by the Interfero-metric MethodE228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials With a Push-Rod DilatometerE289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of RigidSolids with InterferometryE831 T
19、est Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials by Thermomechanical Analysis2.1.4 Thermal Diffusivity:C714 Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity of Carbon andGraphite by Thermal Pulse MethodE1461 Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the FlashMethod2.1.5 Emittance/Emissivity:E408 Test Metho
20、ds for Total Normal Emittance of SurfacesUsing Inspection-Meter TechniquesE423 Test Method for Normal Spectral Emittance at El-evated Temperatures of Nonconducting Specimens2.1.6 General Standards:C373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent Porosity, andApparent Specific Gravity of
21、FiredWhiteware ProductsC1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-ologyE1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Prop
22、ertiesC1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-erties Under Steady-State ConditionsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 advanced ceramic, na highly engineered, high-performance, predomi
23、nantly nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramicmaterial having specific functional attributes. (C1145)3.1.2 ceramic matrix composite, na material consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramic,while the secondary component
24、/s (reinforcing component) maybe ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal, or organic in nature.These components are combined on a macroscale to form auseful engineering material possessing certain properties orbehavior not possessed by the individual constituents. (C1145)3.1.3 coeffcient of linear ther
25、mal expansion, T-1,nthechange in length, relative to the length of the specimen,accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specifiedtemperature. This property can also be considered the instan-taneous expansion coefficient or the slope of the tangent to theL/L versus T curve at a given temperat
26、ure. (E1142)3.1.4 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composite(CFCC), na ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforc-ing phase(s) consists of continuous filaments, fibers, yarns, orknitted or woven fabric. (C1145)3.1.5 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), na tech-nique in which the differenc
27、e in energy inputs into a testspecimen and a reference material is measured as a function oftemperature while the test specimen and reference material aresubjected to a controlled temperature program. (E1269)3.1.6 discontinuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composite,na ceramic matrix composite reinforce
28、d by chopped fibers.(C1145)3.1.7 emittance (emissivity), (nd), nthe ratio of theradiant flux emitted by a specimen per unit area to the radiantflux emitted by a black body radiator at the same temperatureand under the same conditions. Emittance ranges from 0 to 1,with a blackbody having an emittance
29、 of 1.00. (E423)3.1.8 linear thermal expansion, nd,nthe change inlength per unit length resulting from a temperature change.Linear thermal expansion is symbolically represented by L/L0, where L is the observed change in length L=L2 L1,and L0, L1, and L2are the lengths of the specimen at referencetem
30、perature T0and test temperatures T1and T2. (E228)3.1.9 mean coeffcient of linear thermal expansion, LT-1,nthe change in length, relative to the length of the specimen,accompanying a unit change of temperature measured across aspecified temperature range (T1to T2). (C372)3.1.10 particulate reinforced
31、 ceramic matrix composite,na ceramic matrix composite reinforced by ceramic particu-lates. (C1145)3.1.11 specific heat (specific heat capacity), C mL1T21,nthe quantity of heat required to provide a unit tempera-ture increase to a unit mass of material. (E1142)3.1.12 thermal conductivity, mLT11,nthe
32、time rateof heat flow, under steady conditions, through unit area, perunit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular to thearea. (E1142)3.1.13 thermal diffusivity, L2T1,nthe property given bythe thermal conductivity divided by the product of the bulkdensity and heat capacity per unit mass.
33、 (E1461)3.1.14 thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimen-sion of a test specimen under negligible applied force ismeasured as a function of temperature while the test specimenis subjected to a controlled temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere. (E473)3.2 Units for Thermal Properties:C147
34、0 06 (2013)2Property SI Units AbbreviationSpecific heat capacity joules/(gram-kelvin) J/(gK)Thermal Conductivity watts/(metre-kelvin) W/(mK)Thermal diffusivity metre/second2m/s2Coefficient of ThermalExpansionmetre/(metre-kelvin) K1Emittance/emissivity no dimensions 4. Summary of Guide4.1 Five therma
35、l properties (specific heat capacity, thermalconductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, andemittance/emissivity) are presented in terms of their definitionsand general test methods. The relationship between thermalproperties and the composition, microstructure, and processingof advanced c
36、eramics is briefly outlined, providing guidanceon which material characteristics have to be considered inevaluating the thermal properties. Additional sections describesampling considerations, test specimen preparation, and report-ing requirements.4.2 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties
37、 aretabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range,specimen requirements, standards/reference materials,capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions formonoliths and composites.5. Significance and Use5.1 The high-temperature capabilities of advanced ceramicsare a key perf
38、ormance benefit for many demanding engineeringapplications. In many of those applications, advanced ceramicswill have to perform across a broad temperature range. Thethermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity, specificheat, and emittance/emissivity are crucial engineering factorsin integrat
39、ing ceramic components into aerospace, automotive,and industrial systems5.2 This guide is intended to serve as a reference andinformation source for testing the thermal properties of ad-vanced ceramics, based on an understanding of the relation-ships between the composition and microstructure of the
40、sematerials and their thermal properties.5.3 The use of this guide assists the testing community incorrectly applying theASTM thermal test methods to advancedceramics to ensure that the thermal test results are properlymeasured, interpreted, and understood. This guide also assiststhe user in selecti
41、ng the appropriate thermal test method toevaluate the particular thermal properties of the advancedceramic of interest.5.4 The thermal properties of advanced ceramics are criticaldata in the development of ceramic components for aerospace,automotive, and industrial applications. In addition, the eff
42、ectof environmental exposure on thermal properties of the ad-vanced ceramics must also be assessed.6. Procedure6.1 Review Sections 7-10 to become familiar with thermalproperty concepts and thermal testing issues for advancedceramics, specimen preparation guidance, and reporting rec-ommendations.6.2
43、Review the test method text and tables in Section 11 forthe property you need to determine. Use the text and tables tohelp select the most appropriate ASTM test method forevaluating the thermal property of interest for the specificadvanced ceramic.6.3 Perform the thermal property test in accordance
44、with theselected ASTM test method, but refer back to the guide fordirections and recommendations on material characterization,sampling procedures, test specimen preparation, and reportingresults.7. Thermal Properties and Their Measurement7.1 Specific Heat Capacity:7.1.1 Specific heat capacity is the
45、 amount of energy requiredto increase the temperature by one unit for a unit mass ofmaterial. It is a fundamental thermal property for engineers andscientists in determining the temperature response of materialsto changes in heat flux and thermal conditions. The SI units forspecific heat capacity ar
46、e joules/(gramK). Since the specificheat capacity changes with temperature, a specific heat capac-ity value must always be associated with a specific testtemperature or temperature range.7.1.2 Specific heat capacity is commonly measured bycalorimetry in which changes in thermal energy are measuredag
47、ainst changes in temperature. The two common calorimetrymethods are differential scanning calorimetry and drop calo-rimetry.7.1.3 Differential scanning calorimetry heats the test mate-rial at a controlled rate in a controlled atmosphere through thetemperature region of interest. The heat flow into t
48、he testmaterial is compared to the heat flow into a reference materialto determine the energy changes in the test material as afunction of temperature.7.1.4 In drop calorimetry, the test sample is heated to thedesired temperature and then immersed in an instrumented,liquid-filled container (calorime
49、ter), which reaches thermalequilibrium. The increase in temperature of the calorimeterliquid/container is a measure of the amount of heat in the testspecimen.7.1.5 In any calorimetry test, the experimenter must recog-nize that phase changes and other thermo-physical transforma-tions in the material will produce exothermic and endothermicevents which will be captured in the test data. The thermalevents must be properly identified and understood within thecontext of the material properties, chemistry, and phase com-position across
