1、Designation: C1504 15Standard Specification forManufacture of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-SidedStructures for Culverts and Storm Drains1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1504; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast convention-ally reinforced concrete three-
3、sided structures intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C1504has been developedC1504M; therefore, no metric equiva-lents are presented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification is primarily a manu
4、facturing and purchas-ing specification. The successful performance of this product dependsupon the proper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, andcare that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. Thepurchaser of the precast reinforced concrete three-sided str
5、ucture specifiedherein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions andthe field requirements with the geometric section specified and provisionsfor inspection at the construction site are required.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other un
6、its of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A7
7、06M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specificati
8、on for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595 Specifica
9、tion for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concret
10、e andShotcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement Concrete2.2 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification32.3 ACI Standard:ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete and Commentary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definit
11、ions of terms relating to geomet-ric sections, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manu-factured in accordance with this specification shall be desig-nated by span, rise, and design earth cover.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
12、ittee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2015. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1504 14. DOI:10.1520/
13、C1504-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3American Association of State Highway and Transport
14、ation Officials(AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.4Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
15、. United States15. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the three-sided sections produced inaccordance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results ofthe concrete compressive strength tests described in Section10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the f
16、inished three-sided sections.5.2 Three-sided sections shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has
17、been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of
18、 Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements o
19、f Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,(3) Portland pozzolan cement only,(4) A combinati
20、on of portland cement and fly ash,(5) A combination of portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag(6) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag, and fly ash.(7) Acombination of portland pozzolan cement and fly ash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to Sp
21、ecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallconform to Specification C494/C494M.6.4.1 Air Entraining AdmixturesAir entraining will berequired on all products produced with positive slump, wet-cast concrete and shall c
22、onform to the requirements of Speci-fication C260/C260M.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationA1064/A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement,plain and deformed, for concrete. For circumferentialreinforcement, deformed and
23、 plain steel bars for reinforcedconcrete are permitted conforming to Specification A706/A706M or A615/A615M, Grade 60, and longitudinal distribu-tion reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcementor deformed billet-steel bars conforming to SpecificationA706/A706M or A615/A615M, Grade 60.NO
24、TE 2This specification does not address reinforcement with pre-stressing strand or any other form of pre-tensioning or post-tensioning.6.6 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-ene fibers may be used, at the manufacturers option, inthree-sided structures as a nonstructural manufactu
25、ring mate-rial. Only type III synthetic fibers designed and manufacturedspecifically for use in concrete and conforming to the require-ments of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.6.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofS
26、pecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design CriteriaThe three-sided sections dimensionsand reinforcement details shall be as required by design, inaccordance with Section 3, 5 and 12.14 of the AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specificatio
27、ns. The mini-mum concrete compressive strength shall be 5000 psi, and theminimum steel yield strength shall be 65 000 psi for welded-wire reinforcement and 60 000 psi for deformed billet-steelbars.7.2 Placement of ReinforcementThe minimum cover ofconcrete over the circumferential reinforcing diamete
28、r shall be1 in. for bar reinforcement and welded wire reinforcement forall structures up to 12 ft in span, and 1.5 in. for longer spanssubject to the provisions of Section 11 for both bar reinforce-ment and welded wire reinforcement. The clear distance of theend circumferential wires shall be not le
29、ss than12 in. nor morethan 2 in. from the ends of each section. For three-sidedsections covered by less than 2 ft of fill, minimum cover for thereinforcement in the top of the top slab shall be 2-in., subjectto the provisions of Section 11. Reinforcement shall beassembled utilizing any combination o
30、f single or multiplelayers of welded-wire reinforcement, not to exceed three layersor utilizing single or multiple layers of deformed billet steelbars, not to exceed two layers. The welded-wire reinforcementon 7.3 shall be composed of circumferential and longitudinalwires meeting the spacing require
31、ments of 7.3 and shallcontain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through thethree-sided section to maintain the shape and position ofreinforcement. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement may bewelded-wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel bars andshall meet the spacing requirements of 7.3
32、. The ends of thelongitudinal distribution reinforcement shall not be more than2 in. from the ends of a three-sided section. The exposure of theends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to position thereinforcement shall not be a cause for rejection.7.3 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the
33、 circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. For welded wirereinforcement, the overlap measured between the outermostlongitudinal wires of each reinforcement sheet or the outermostbars shall not be less than the spacing of the longitudinal wiresplus 2 in. but not less than 10 in. For sp
34、lices of deformed billetsteel bars, the overlap shall meet the requirements ofC1504 152AASHTO. The outside circumferential reinforcement in thetop slab shall be continuous with or be lapped with the outsidecircumferential reinforcement in the sides. If welds are made towelded wire reinforcement circ
35、umferential reinforcement, theyshall be made only to selected circumferential wires that arenot less than 18 in. apart along the longitudinal axis of thethree-sided section. When spacers are welded to circumferen-tial wires, they shall be welded only to these selected circum-ferential wires. There s
36、hall be no welding to other circumfer-ential wires. No welds shall be made to the insidecircumferential wires in the middle third of the top span. Nowelds shall be made to the outside circumferential wires in thetop span within one fourth of the span from the corners or inany location in either leg.
37、 Welding of deformed billet steel barcircumferential reinforcement is prohibited in all cases. Whendistribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage bywelding, it shall be welded only to longitudinal wires or barsand only near the ends of the three-sided section. The spacingcenter to center of
38、the circumferential reinforcement shall notbe less than 2 in. nor more than 4 in. for welded wirereinforcement or less than 2 in. nor more than 8 in. fordeformed billet steel bars. The spacing center to center of thelongitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 8 in. forwelded wire reinforcement
39、 or more than 12 in. for deformedbillet steel bars. If welds are made to Grade 60 reinforcing bars,weldable bars conforming to Specification A706/A706M shallbe used.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete three-sided structuresshall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt endsor key-
40、way ends. The ends shall be of such design and the endsof the three-sided sections so formed that each section can belaid together to make a continuous line of sections compatiblewith the permissible variations given in Section 11.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,propor
41、tioned, and mixed with cementitious materials and waterand admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concreteof such quality that the structures will conform to the designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall have awater-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 byweig
42、hts except that for concrete exposed to cyclic freeze/thawthe water-cementitious materials ratio shall not exceed 0.45.Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2 and shall beadded to the mix in a proportion not less than 470 lb/yd3unlessmix designs with a lower cementitious materials conten
43、tdemonstrate that the quality and performance of the three-sidedsections meet the requirements of this specification. Wet castconcrete subject to freeze/thaw cycle shall be air-entrained. Airentrainment amounts shall be in accordance with ACI 31811,Chapter 4, for the appropriate Exposure Class.9.2 C
44、uringThe three-sided sections shall be cured for asufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop therequired compressive strength by the time of delivery. Any oneof the following methods of curing or combinations thereofmay be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe three-sided section may be lowpre
45、ssure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moistatmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe three-sided section may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Membrane CuringA sealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied andshall be left
46、 intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 10F of the atmospheric tempera-ture. All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application ofthe compounds and shall be damp when the compound isapplied.9.3 For
47、msThe forms used in manufacture shall be suffi-ciently rigid and accurate to maintain the three-sided sectiondimensions within the permissible variations given in Section11. All casting surfaces shall be smooth nonporous material.9.4 HandlingHandling devices or holes shall be permittedin each three-
48、sided section for the purpose of handling andlaying.10. Physical Requirements10.1 Type of Test SpecimenCompression tests for deter-mining concrete compressive strength shall be made on eitherstandard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders com-pacted and cured in like manner as the three-sid
49、ed section, oron cores drilled from the three-sided section.10.2 Compression Testing of Cylinders:10.2.1 Cylinders shall be obtained and tested for compres-sive strength in accordance with the provisions of PracticeC31/C31M and Test Method C39/C39M, except that thecylinders may be prepared by methods comparable to thoseused to consolidate and cure the concrete in the actualthree-sided section manufactured. Cylindrical specimens ofsizes other than 6 by 12 in. may be used provided all otherrequirements of Practice C31/C31M are met. If the concrete isof
