1、Designation: C1504M 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forManufacture of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-SidedStructures for Culverts and Storm Drains (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast convention-al
3、ly reinforced concrete three-sided structures intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C1504; therefore, no imperial equivalents are presentedin this specification.NOTE 1This specificat
4、ion is primarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specification. The successful performance of this product dependsupon the proper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, andcare that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. Thepurchaser of the precast reinforced c
5、oncrete three-sided structure specifiedherein is cautioned that he must properly correlate the loading conditionsand the field requirements with the geometric section specified andprovide for inspection at the construction site.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be re
6、garded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82M Specifi
7、cation for Steel Wire, Plain, for ConcreteReinforcementA185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA497/A497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA6
8、15/A615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA616/A616M Specification for Rail-Steel Deformed andPlain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement3A617/A617M Specification for Axle-Steel Deformed andPlain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement3A706/A706M Specification for Lo
9、w-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC30
10、9 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile MetricC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Ca
11、lcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcrete2.2 AASHTO Standard:Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges43. Te
12、rminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms, see TerminologyC822.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Jul
13、y 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1504M 042. DOI:10.1520/C1504M-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volu
14、me information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
15、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manu-factured in accordance with this specification shall be desig-nated by span, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the three-sided sections produced inaccordan
16、ce with Section 7 shall be determined by the results ofthe concrete compressive strength tests described in Section10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished three-sided sections.5.2 Three-sided sections shall be considered ready foracceptance when they
17、 conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1
18、 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall b
19、e fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combi
20、nation of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash,(6) A combination of portland
21、cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag,(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33
22、, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends may beused with the approval of the purchaser.6.4.1 Air Entraining AdmixturesAir entraining will berequired on all products produced with positive slump, wet-cast concrete and shall conform to
23、 the requirements of Speci-fication C494/C494M.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationsA185/A185M or A497/A497M or deformed and plain steel bars forreinforced concrete conforming to Specification A615/A615M,Grade 60, A616/A616M,orA61
24、7/A617M. Longitudinal dis-tribution reinforcement may consist of welded wire reinforce-ment or deformed billet-steel bars conforming to SpecificationA615/A615M, Grade 60.NOTE 2This specification does not address reinforcement with pre-stressing strand or any other form of pre-tensioning or post-tens
25、ioning.6.6 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers may be used, at the manufacturers option, inthree-sided structures as a nonstructural manufacturing mate-rial. Only type III synthetic fibers designed and manufacturedspecifically for use in concrete and conforming to the r
26、equire-ments of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Design7.1 Design CriteriaThe three-sided sections dimensionsand reinforcement details shall be as required by design, inaccordance with Section 17.8 of the AASHTO StandardSpecifications for Highway Bridges. The minimum concretecompressive stre
27、ngth shall be 35 MPa, and the minimum steelyield strength shall be 445 MPa for welded-wire reinforcementand 411 MPa for deformed billet-steel bars.7.2 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 25 mm, subjectto the provisions of Section 11. The cle
28、ar distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than 13 mm nor morethan 50 mm from the ends of each section. For three-sidedsections covered by less than 0.6 m of fill, minimum cover forthe reinforcement in the top of the top slab shall be 50 mm,subject to the provisions of Section 11.
29、 Reinforcement shall beassembled utilizing any combination of single or multiplelayers of welded-wire reinforcement, not to exceed three layersor utilizing single or multiple layers of deformed billet steelbars, not to exceed two layers. The welded-wire reinforcementon 7.3 shall be composed of circu
30、mferential and longitudinalwires meeting the spacing requirements of 7.3 and shallcontain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through thethree-sided section to maintain the shape and position ofreinforcement. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement may bewelded-wire reinforcement or deformed bil
31、let-steel bars andshall meet the spacing requirements of 7.3. The ends of thelongitudinal distribution reinforcement shall not be more than50 mm from the ends of a three-sided section. The exposure ofthe ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to positionthe reinforcement shall not be a ca
32、use for rejection.7.3 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. For welded wirereinforcement, the overlap measured between the outermostlongitudinal wires of each reinforcement sheet or the outermostbars shall not be less than the spacing of the
33、longitudinal wiresplus 50 mm but not less than 250 mm. For splices of deformedbillet steel bars, the overlap shall meet the requirements ofAASHTO. The outside circumferential reinforcement in thetop slab shall be continuous with or be lapped with the outsidecircumferential reinforcement in the sides
34、. If welds are made towelded wire reinforcement circumferential reinforcement, theyshall be made only to selected circumferential wires that arenot less than 450 mm apart along the longitudinal axis of theC1504M 04 (2010)2three-sided section. When spacers are welded to circumferen-tial wires, they s
35、hall be welded only to these selected circum-ferential wires. There shall be no welding to other circumfer-ential wires. No welds shall be made to the insidecircumferential wires in the middle third of the top span. Nowelds shall be made to the outside circumferential wires in thetop span within one
36、 fourth of the span from the corners or inany location in either leg. Welding of deformed billet steel barcircumferential reinforcement is prohibited in all cases. Whendistribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage bywelding, it shall be welded only to longitudinal wires or barsand only near
37、 the ends of the three-sided section. The spacingcenter to center of the circumferential (wires) reinforcementshall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm for weldedwire reinforcement or less than 50 mm nor more than 200 mmfor deformed billet steel bars. The spacing center to center ofthe longi
38、tudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 200 mmfor welded wire reinforcement or more than 300 mm fordeformed billet steel bars. If welds are made to Grade 60reinforcing bars, weldable bars conforming to SpecificationA706/A706M shall be used.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete three-side
39、d structuresshall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt endsor key-way ends. The ends shall be of such design and the endsof the three-sided sections so formed that each section can belaid together to make a continuous line of sections compatiblewith the permissible variations given in
40、Section 11.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, propor-tioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that each section will conform to thetest and design requirements of this specifi
41、cation. All concreteshall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding0.53 by weights. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than280 kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitiousmaterials content demonstrate that the
42、quality and performanceof the three-sided sections meet the requirements of thisspecification.9.2 CuringThe three-sided sections shall be cured for asufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop therequired compressive strength by the time of delivery. Any oneof the following methods o
43、f curing or combinations thereofmay be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe three-sided section may be lowpressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moistatmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe three-sided section may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Membrane CuringA s
44、ealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied andshall be left intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 6C of the atmospheric temperature.All surfaces shall be kept mois
45、t prior to the application of thecompounds and shall be damp when the compound is applied.9.3 FormsThe forms used in manufacture shall be suffi-ciently rigid and accurate to maintain the three-sided sectiondimensions within the permissible variations given in Section11. All casting surfaces shall be
46、 smooth nonporous material.9.4 HandlingHandling devices or holes shall be permittedin each three-sided section for the purpose of handling andlaying.10. Physical Requirements10.1 Type of Test SpecimenCompression tests for deter-mining concrete compressive strength may be made on eitherstandard rodde
47、d concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders com-pacted and cured in like manner as the structure compacted andcured in like manner as the three-sided section, or on coresdrilled from the three-sided section.10.2 Compression Testing of Cylinders:10.2.1 Cylinders shall be obtained and tested for compre
48、s-sive strength in accordance with the provisions of PracticeC31/C31M and Test Method C39/C39M, except that thecylinders may be prepared by methods comparable to thoseused to consolidate and cure the concrete in the actualthree-sided section manufactured. Cylindrical specimens ofsizes other than 150
49、 by 300 mm may be used provided all otherrequirements of Practice C31/C31M are met. If the concrete isof a consistency too stiff for compaction by rodding or internalvibration, the alternate method described in Section II of TestMethods C497M may be used. Cylinders shall be exposed tothe same curing conditions as the manufactured three-sidedsections and shall remain with the sections until tested.10.2.2 Prepare no fewer than three test cylinders from eachdays production of the lot of three-sided sections.10.2.3 Acceptability on the Basis of Cylinder Te
