1、Designation: C 1528 08Standard Guide forSelection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one ofthe most difficult of all building materials to
3、 properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stoneproduct is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stoneselection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application inwhich it is required to perform.This
4、 guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be usedin combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and anyother a
5、vailable resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared withthe assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing thisguide.Past performance is the best test of a dimension stones durability. Yet because the physicalpropert
6、ies of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactoryperformance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Commonphysical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
7、strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength. Additional tests may also be required depending onthe material and application.In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improperapplication, rather than the inherent properties of the stone. Placing st
8、ones in unsuitable environments,faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials arefrequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis
9、, inappropriate strength mortars,staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal mustbe considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the
10、selection of the proper stone material,thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance anddurability requirements of the design.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi-neers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who de-
11、sign, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supplynatural stone products for construction applications.1.2 Consensus StandardThis guide is an industry consen-sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.2.
12、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Grav-ity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC 120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking1This guide is under the j
13、urisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection ofExterior Dimension Stone.Current edition approved May 15, 2008. Published July 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
14、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of El
15、asticity)C 121 Test Method for Water Absorption of SlateC 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC 217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC 241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-jected to Foot TrafficC 503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC 568 Specif
16、ication for Limestone Dimension StoneC 615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of DimensionStoneC 1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorDimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static AirPressure DifferenceC 1242 Guide for Selection, D
17、esign, and Installation ofDimension Stone Anchoring SystemsC 1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity ofDimension StoneC 1353 Test Method Using the Taber Abraser for AbrasionResistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot TrafficC 1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone An-chora
18、ges in Dimension Stone2.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, andspecifications should be reviewed for compatibility with theprinciples outlined in this guide.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 R
19、elated ComponentsNatural stone is only one com-ponent of a buildings construction. All related materials andassemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interac-tive behavior with the stone product.4.2 Applicable CodesEvery stone application shall com-ply with applicable building codes.EXTER
20、IOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONSTONES5. Introduction5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired fortheir beauty and permanence. As a natural material, each pieceof stone has features and physical characteristics that make itunique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as itsability
21、to age gracefully in the exterior environment, has madestone one of the most popular materials for construction,sculpture, and monuments.5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties making itsuitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineralcontent and structure), compressive strength,
22、 flexural strength,resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to beworked, vary widely by stone type. These are all key charac-teristics that dictate the best use of the material and must beconsidered during the process of stone selection.6. Exterior Applications6.1 This guide is l
23、imited to the discussion of exteriorapplications of stone. Of these, there are several major catego-ries, which are introduced briefly as follows:7. Load-Bearing Masonry7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form ofstone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring ofstructural loa
24、d vertically by relying on the compressivestrength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads.Due to the weight of the stone itself, structures built in thismanner tend to be of limited height. As the height of thestructure increases, the wall thickness at the structures basemust increas
25、e, thus requiring large individual stones, or mul-tiple wythes of stone. The costs of such walls are typicallyhigher than other systems, due to the large amount of stone andlabor involved.8. Cladding8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were d
26、eveloped.Cladding systems can offer the appearance of load-bearingmasonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systemsalso offer a wide variety of applications, allowing greaterarchitectural innovation.8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to uniqueloading characteristics that can
27、require complex structuralanalysis and detailing in order to be used successfully. Mate-rials other than stone are also often integrated into claddingsystems, requiring consideration of their material properties aswell as compatibility with the stone components.9. Building Trim9.1 Stone has been and
28、 continues to be used in architectureto accent other building materials, or to perform a specificpurpose. Stone is often integrated into wall systems as deco-rative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or watertables. Stone can add an element of interest to buildings, inaddition to performin
29、g as a durable wall component with aspecific and well-defined purpose.10. Pavements10.1 From cobblestone streets to modern plazas, stone isused to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systemsinclude those bearing on pedestals and traditional sand orcement-based setting bed systems.10.2 Mater
30、ials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11. Steps11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to
31、abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as“cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece ofC152
32、8082stone, and also “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thinstone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to formthe tread and riser surfaces.12. Coping12.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment,such as roof parapet walls, balcony and terrace enclosure walls,and plante
33、r walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetra-tion. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protectthe underlying wall system from excessive moisture penetra-tion and associated distress.12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent tothe wall system, improving the appea
34、rance of the wall systemby defining changes in the wall configuration.12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed,therefore, protection of the wall system is also reliant on propertreatment of the joints.13. Roofing13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typicallylimited to slate,
35、 a variety of stone that can be quarried andfabricated into thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonpo-rous stones can provide a durable, water-resistant roof systemthat effectively utilizes the unique physical characteristics ofthe material.14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements14.1 Ma
36、ny varieties of stone possess characteristics thatmake them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Moststone varieties can be worked by hand or power tools intounique shapes and representations, including engravings andreliefs. Properly selected stones can demonstrate resistance toenvironme
37、ntal effects, thereby providing a sense of perma-nence to monuments and decorative sculpted items.COMMON DIMENSION STONE TYPESGRANITE15. Mineralogy, Appearance, and Texture15.1 The term “granite” has both geological and commer-cial definitions. There are many rock types that are notclassified as gra
38、nites by true geological definition, yet they areincluded in the commercial classification of granite becausethey exhibit similar performance and behavioral characteristicsas true granites. For the purpose of this guide, “granite” is usedin its commercial sense. This includes any visibly granular,ig
39、neous rock consisting mostly of feldspars and quartz accom-panied by one or more dark minerals.15.2 Typically, feldspar is the most abundant mineral foundin granites, and because of this, the color of the granite islargely governed by the color of this mineral. The color can bemodified by the quartz
40、, hornblende, mica or any other mineralpresent in significant quantity. Dark granular igneous rocks,classified petrographically as anorthosite, basalt, diabase, dior-ite, or gabbro, are often referred to as “black granites.” Usingthe rather broad commercial definition of granite, granites areavailab
41、le in a wide array of colors including pink, gray, white,red, black, brown, buff, green, and blue.15.3 The majority of granites found in the industry aregranular or crystalline in appearance, with the grain sizevarying anywhere between 2 or 3 mm up to 25 mm or larger.Some of the materials included i
42、n this definition will show alayered or plate-like structure due to recrystallization, folding,or other changes while the rock was in a plastic or semi-moltenstate. Such metamorphic rocks are called granite gneisses.15.4 A granite with uniform distribution of the minerals isdesirable for the supply
43、of a large application with minimalcolor variation. Many commercial deposits exhibit remarkablehomogeneity across vertical and lateral distances, while otherdeposits will display considerable variation between adjacentblocks or even within one block.15.5 Many granites are “anisotropic,” or “directio
44、nally spe-cific” in either appearance or performance, and as such, dictateattention to the direction that they are quarried and sawn toachieve the desired visual and performance requirements.Other granites are nearly “isotropic,” with similar appearanceand performance characteristics regardless of t
45、he direction thematerial is cut.16. Suitability for Use16.1 Granite materials have one of the widest ranges ofapplications of any natural stone type. Architectural use ofgranite includes exterior and interior cladding, exterior andinterior paving, furniture tops, and landscape applications suchas cu
46、rbs, retaining walls, or copings. Granite is frequently usedin monument or memorial applications where permanence andweather resistance are primary considerations. The chemicalresistance and dimensional stability of granite allow limitedindustrial applications such as pickling tanks, surface plates,
47、precision machine bases, and paper machine press-rolls.16.2 The particular finish specified for the granite may havea greater bearing on its suitability for use than the granite itself.Polished and honed finishes are popular for vertical surfacesbecause of their refined appearance and low maintenanc
48、erequirements. These finishes are not recommended for walkingsurfaces as they have relatively poor slip resistance. Texturedsurfaces such as thermal, tooled, or sanded are commonly usedin pedestrian traffic areas due to their favorable frictionalproperties.16.3 Physical StrengthPhysical strength pro
49、perties ofgranite are determined by laboratory testing in accordance withASTM standard test procedures for each physical property tobe evaluated. Minimum or maximum values for each physicalproperty, to aid in determination of a specific granites suit-ability for exterior exposure, are in accordance with Specifi-cation C 615.17. Standard Thicknesses17.1 Most granite products are custom made to the design-ers specifications. The slab thickness however, is best kept tothe dimensional standards of the industry to benefit bothdelivery and economy. Standard nominal thicknesses of
