1、Designation: C1528 15Standard Guide forSelection of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one ofthe most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate,
3、 select, and specify. Every natural stoneproduct is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stoneselection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application inwhich it is required to perform.This guide presents a c
4、ursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be usedin combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and anyother available resources.
5、 It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared withthe assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing thisguide.Past performance is the best test of a dimension stones durability. Yet because the physicalproperties of a natural st
6、one can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactoryperformance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Commonphysical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexuralstrength, abrasion
7、resistance, and anchor strength. Additional tests may also be required depending onthe material and application.In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improperapplication, rather than the inherent properties of the stone. Placing stones in unsuitable
8、environments,faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials arefrequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate str
9、ength mortars,staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal mustbe considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the pr
10、oper stone material,thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance anddurability requirements of the design.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects,engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers whodesign, select, specify,
11、install, purchase, fabricate, or supplynatural stone products for construction applications.1.2 Consensus StandardThis guide is an industry consen-sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.2. Referenced Documents2.
12、1 ASTM Standards:21This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection ofDimension Stone.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition appro
13、ved in 2013 as C152813. DOI:10.1520/C1528-152For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM In
14、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravityof Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC120 Test Methods of Flexure
15、 Testing of Slate (BreakingLoad, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of SlateC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-jected to Foot Tra
16、fficC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates forConcreteC406 Specification for Roofing SlateC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629
17、Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of HardenedConcreteC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorDimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform StaticAirPressure DifferenceC1242 Guide fo
18、r Selection, Design, and Installation ofDimension Stone Attachment SystemsC1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity ofDimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of DimensionStone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary PlatformAbraserC1354 Test Method for Strength of Indivi
19、dual StoneAnchor-ages in Dimension StoneC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneC1721 Guide for Petrographic Examination of DimensionStoneD2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants2.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, ands
20、pecifications should be reviewed for compatibility with theprinciples outlined in this guide.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 Related ComponentsNatural stone is only one com-ponent of a buildings constructio
21、n. All related materials andassemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interac-tive behavior with the stone product.4.2 Applicable CodesEvery stone application shall com-ply with applicable building codes.EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONE5. Introduction5.1 Natural stones have long b
22、een used and admired fortheir beauty and permanence. As a natural material, each pieceof stone has features and physical characteristics that make itunique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as itsability to age gracefully in the exterior environment, havemade stone one of the most po
23、pular materials for construction,sculpture, and monuments.5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties making itsuitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineralcontent and structure), compressive strength, flexural strength,resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability
24、 to beworked, vary widely by stone type. These are all key charac-teristics that dictate the best use of the material and must beconsidered during the process of stone selection.6. Exterior Applications6.1 There are several major categories of exterior applica-tions for stone; each of these is intro
25、duced below.7. Load-Bearing Masonry7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form ofstone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring ofstructural load vertically by relying on the compressivestrength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads.Due to the weight of the sto
26、ne itself, structures built in thismanner tend to be of limited height. As the height of thestructure increases, the wall thickness at the structures basemust increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or mul-tiple wythes of stone. The costs of such walls are typicallyhigher than other system
27、s, due to the large amount of stone andlabor involved.8. Cladding8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were developed.Cladding systems can offer the appearance of load-bearingmasonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systemsalso offer
28、 a wide variety of applications, allowing greaterarchitectural innovation.8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to uniqueloading characteristics that can require complex structuralanalysis and detailing in order to be used successfully. Mate-rials other than stone are also often integrat
29、ed into claddingsystems, requiring consideration of their material properties aswell as compatibility with the stone components.9. Building Trim9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architectureto accent other building materials, or to perform a specificpurpose. Stone is often integrated in
30、to wall systems as deco-rative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or watertables. Stone can add an element of interest to buildings, inaddition to performing as a durable wall component with aspecific and well-defined purpose.C1528 15210. Pavements10.1 From cobblestone streets to modern pl
31、azas, stone isused to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systemsinclude those bearing on pedestals and traditional sand orcement-based setting bed systems.10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safe
32、ty. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11. Steps11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro
33、-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as“cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece ofstone, and also “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thinstone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to formthe tr
34、ead and riser surfaces.12. Coping12.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment,such as roof parapet walls, balcony and terrace enclosure walls,and planter walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetra-tion. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protectthe underlying
35、wall system from excessive moisture penetra-tion and associated distress.12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent tothe wall system, improving the appearance of the wall systemby defining changes in the wall configuration.12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed,therefor
36、e, protection of the wall system is also reliant on propertreatment of the joints.13. Roofing13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typicallylimited to slate, a variety of stone that can be quarried andfabricated into thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonpo-rous stones can provide a dur
37、able, water-resistant roof systemthat effectively utilizes the unique physical characteristics ofthe material.14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements14.1 Many varieties of stone possess characteristics thatmake them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Moststone varieties can b
38、e worked by hand or power tools intounique shapes and representations, including engravings andreliefs. Properly selected stones can demonstrate resistance toenvironmental effects, thereby providing a sense of perma-nence to monuments and decorative sculpted items.INTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION
39、STONE15. Interior Applications15.1 Stone is often used at the interior of buildings due to itsexceptional durability, beauty, and classical appearance. Due tothe lack of environmental exposure, these applications areusually more forgiving of the material and allow for a broaderrange of stone varieti
40、es to be used. The major categories ofinterior use are discussed briefly below.16. Flooring16.1 Stone floors are typically highly durable, lowmaintenance, and aesthetically pleasing. When using stone asflooring, one must make sure that the finish is appropriate forits intended use; stone used for fl
41、ooring should be abrasionresistant and have a finish that is not slippery to foot trafficwhen wet.16.2 Joint conditions in floor installations are also critical;while interior flooring is not subject to the same temperaturefluctuations as exterior installations, the joint system shouldinclude expans
42、ion joints that will accommodate cyclic varia-tions in the stone dimensions over time, particularly if there isa substantial heat load from sunlight exposure or belowfloor-heating elements.16.3 Stone flooring and the joint materials should also berelatively impervious to moisture; it is not unusual
43、for interiorfloors to be cleaned with water and detergents on a daily basis.Excessive moisture in the flooring system can lead to discol-oration of the joint materials and the stone, particularly if thestone flooring material is absorptive. Moisture can becometrapped below highly polished finishes a
44、nd appear as a stain.Some stone types used as flooring may need to be treated at theedges and bottom surface as well as the top surface to limitabsorption-related concerns. However, component compatibil-ity should be researched or tested prior to treating thesesurfaces to inhibit bond performance be
45、tween the stone,adhesive, and grout. Only cleaning procedures and products(including waxes and cleaning agents) that are approved foruse by the stone supplier should be used. Unapproved methodsmay stain or damage the stone or damage the stone finish.17. Stairs17.1 The use of stone for stair treads a
46、nd risers leads to anattractive, durable, and low maintenance way to addressinterior elevation changes. Stone selected for stairs should beable to withstand constant foot traffic with minimal surfaceabrasion, erosion or damage. It should also be naturallyslip-resistant due to the stone type or the f
47、inish selected.18. Cladding18.1 Stone used as interior wall cladding should be designedand installed in a similar manner to exterior wall cladding;however, loading considerations are different with an interiorapplication. When considering stone anchorage options for aninterior application, one shoul
48、d include (at a minimum) anominal differential pressure on interior stone resulting fromvariations in building pressurization due to mechanical systemperformance and air loss through the building enclosure;however, it is likely that seismic requirements will control aninterior application when compa
49、red to the comparatively lowlateral loads generated from building pressurization.C1528 15319. Ornament and Sculpture19.1 Stone used as decorative elements in an interior appli-cation have the distinct advantage of not being exposed toenvironmental forces such as temperature fluctuations, wind,water, and atmospheric pollutants. Therefore, the variety ofstone suitable for interior applications can include many stonetypes that would otherwise not be appropriate due to theirreduced resistance to environmental forces.20. Wet Areas20.1 Stone panels and tiles are commonly used for
