1、Designation: C1565 09C1565 17Standard Test Method forDetermination of Pack-Set Index of Portland CementandBlended Hydraulic Cements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1565; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pack-set index, which provides an indication of
3、the mechanical forceneeded to overcome the consolidation of portland cement.and blended hydraulic cements.1.2 The pack-set index number provides a numerical value useful for manufacturers who desire to measure and control the effectthat vibration-induced consolidation has upon the manufactured cemen
4、t.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.Values stated in SI units shall be obtained by measurement in SI units or by appropriate conversion, using the rules of Conversionand rounding given in Standard IEEE/ASTM S
5、I 10, of measurements made in other units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine th
6、eapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WARNINGFresh hydraulic-cementitious mixtures are caustic and maycause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)21.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standard
7、izationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Device
8、s for Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical Testing ofHydraulic CementsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 International System of Units (SI) The Modernized Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 pack set, na condition of hydraulic cement, exhibited in varying
9、degrees, following silo storage or transport in bulkrailcars or trucks, that causes the cement to resist flowing until considerable mechanical effort has been applied.3.1.2 pack-set index, nthe numerical indication of the degree of pack set a particular cement exhibits when subjected to theprocedure
10、s of this test method.3.1.3 peak voltage, n as pertaining to this method only, the energy in volts applied to consolidate the sample, which resultsin the maximum pack-set index for a particular cement and the apparatus used for the measurement.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Portland or blended hydraul
11、ic cement is placed into a flask and then consolidated on a vibrating table by a vibration forcecontrolled by time and volts. The consolidated bed is measured for relative strength by turning the flask to a horizontal position1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Ceme
12、nt and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.20 on Additions.Current edition approved June 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2017. Published July 2009December 2017. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asC1565 04.C1565 09. DOI: 10.1520/C1565-09.10.1520/C1565-17.2 Section o
13、n Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on t
14、he ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users c
15、onsult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
16、en, PA 19428-2959. United States1and rotating in 180 increments until the bed collapses from the bottom of the flask.The number of half turns is a relative indicationof the force required to overcome the consolidation and is designated the pack-set index, or P.S.I.5. Significance and Use5.1 This met
17、hod is intended to help manufacturers determine the relative pack-set tendency of their cement(s). The testestablishes a pack-set index which, when properly correlated with field performance, is useful in predicting or preventing fieldunloading difficulties.5.2 The test is an aid to routine control
18、during cement production and is not suitable for specification purposes.5.3 In general, field performance of cement flowability is satisfactory when the pack-set index as determined on freshly groundcement averages 0 to 15 and is unsatisfactory when the index exceeds 25. Any prediction of field perf
19、ormance of cementflowability measuring 16 to 25 is tenable. These are general ranges and the field performance of individual cements may notnecessarily fall within these ranges. Additional conditions, after the cement has left the control of the manufacturing facility, canaffect the apparent pack se
20、t index as well.5.4 Any attempt to apply the critical range of pack-set index numbers based on freshly ground cement to job cement withoutspecial treatment of the sample would be problematic. The test is a “GO-NO GO” type of test and should not be used forspecification purposes.5.5 The pack-set inde
21、x of field cement can be evaluated in terms of the pack-set index ranges of that cement as determined whenfreshly-ground. This comparison can aid the manufacturer in producing cement that offers the best field performance for pack-setproperties.5.6 Silo storage of cement may result in a greater amou
22、nt of consolidation than this method is designed to induce, and theresulting forces required to overcome that consolidation are not measured by this test method.5.7 Pack set is not to be confused with “warehouse set” which results from surface hydration of the cement from adsorbedmoisture.6. Interfe
23、rences6.1 Results obtained from the pack-set test are dependent on sample exposure (See(see Note 1).NOTE 1Fresh cement has a greater pack-set tendency. Cement stored in silos for only a day or two will test similar to fresh cement. Cement storedin full silos, where aeration is negligible, may develo
24、p lower pack-set indices upon further aging, Even samples in sealed containers may vary.6.2 Pack-set index determination can be affected by sample temperature (See(see Note 2).NOTE 2Cement with a temperature noticeably hotter than room temperature may produce a different pack-set index number than t
25、hat same cementcooled to room temperature. Cooling of hot cement samples must be accomplished with minimum aeration to avoid moisture and CO2 adsorption.6.3 The testing room humidity can significantly influence the determined pack-set index.6.4 Keep the apparatus level during the testing procedure.6
26、.5 The vibration energy transferred to the sample is affected by the support given the apparatus (See(see Note 3). Thedetermination of pack-set index for unknown samples shall be accomplished on the same physical support that the peak voltagefor the test was determined on.NOTE 3Apparatus which is no
27、t setting firmly on the counter or table may not deliver repeatable results.6.6 Vibration energy delivered by the table is related to the proper handling and adjustment of the table. See Section 7 fordetails.6.7 Vibration energy delivered by the table is related to the frequency of the source voltag
28、e. This variation, if present, will resultin a poor repeatability and require more frequent determination of the peak voltage.7. Apparatus7.1 Erlenmeyer Flask, 250 mL capacity, regular wall thickness, fitted with a number 14 (large diameter 32 mm and smalldiameter 25 mm) cork stopper. Flasks are not
29、 interchangeable. Each flask and cork combination must have the peak voltagedetermined prior to use in the test method (See(see Note 4).7.2 Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass shall conform to the requirements of Specification C1005 asappropriate for the size of the sample, the mass of
30、 which is to be determined, with a sensitivity of no less than 0.1 g and areadability of 0.1 g or less.NOTE 4There are enough differences between Erlenmeyer flasks of the same rated capacity to cause significant difference in the pack-set index. Itis recommended that several flasks which deliver sim
31、ilar pack-set index numbers for the same cement be kept as spares.7.3 Vibrating Table, (see Fig. 1), capable of generating electromagnetic vibrations at the frequency of 60 Hz, having a woodenor phenolic resin top with dowel pins installed equidistant from each other on the circumference of the circ
32、le centered on the table,C1565 172with a radius slightly greater than the largest radius of the flask (to restrain the flask movement on the table).4 A device that iscapable of stopping any lateral movement of the flask during vibration is required (See(see Note 5). The air gap setting betweenthe ar
33、matures of the vibrating table is critical to the generation of the proper vibrational amplitude and must be adjusted accordingto the manufacturers instructions. Manufacturers recommendations and precautions for proper operation must be followed toassure the accurate determination of the pack set in
34、dex.NOTE 5Three or four dowel pins of 6 to 10 mm diameter and 25 to 30 mm 30 mm long will be sufficient to restrain the flask. Interconnecting rubberbands or rubber cam-locks can be used to restrain the flask to prevent lateral movement of the flask during vibration.7.4 Roto-Tester, (see Fig. 2), a
35、device on which the Erlenmeyer flask can be mounted in a horizontal position against a vertical,flat, rotating plate that contains frictional hold-down cams to prevent the flask from falling, and capable of smoothly rotating theflask and table while in that horizontal position, in 180 increments at
36、the rate of approximately 40 one-half rotations per minutewith a short partial second pause between half-rotations. The device shall be equipped with a counter capable of recording thenumber of one-half rotations of the table.57.5 Voltmeter, capable of measuring and displaying the voltage delivered
37、to the vibrating table to the nearest 0.5 VAC.7.6 Variable-voltage Transformer, inductance-type, capable of supplying the vibrating table with voltage within the range of 0v to 100 % of the design voltage of the vibrating table.7.7 Automatic Timer, capable of controlling the “ON” time of the variabl
38、e-voltage transformer and the vibrating table to 15 612 s.8. Preparation of ApparatusDetermination of Peak Voltage8.1 Determine the peak voltage applied to the vibrating table to achieve the maximum pack-set index number for a sample.8.1.1 Turn the vibrating table ON, and using the voltage adjustmen
39、t of the variable-transformer, set the voltage so that little orno compaction takes place in the cement sample during the 15 s vibration. Increment the voltage by 2v until the compactionachieved result is a pack-set index value greater than zero. Continue incrementing the voltage by 2v until a pack-
40、set index is4 The vibrating table is available from suppliers of the pack set apparatus. A list of suppliers can be obtained from ASTM.5 The roto-tester is available from suppliers of the pack set apparatus. A list of suppliers can be obtained from ASTM.FIG. 1 Vibrating TableC1565 173determined that
41、 is lower than the index determined using the preceding voltage. The preceding voltage is the peak voltage for thatcement and apparatus combination (See(see Note 6).NOTE 6The test method uses the concept of vibration voltage increasing in order to develop cement bed compaction from nearly nothing to
42、 thatvoltage which provides a maximum pack-set index, to that voltage which disrupts the compaction and reduces the pack-set index to below the maximum.A starting voltage somewhere between 40-60 volts will generally satisfy that need.8.2 Determine the peak voltage for the following conditions:8.2.1
43、For each type of cement from a single source.8.2.2 For samples obtained in the field or for interlaboratory testing.8.2.3 Whenever the flask or cork is changed.8.2.4 Whenever the vibrating table, voltmeter, variable-transformer, timer, or Roto-Tester are adjusted or replaced.8.2.5 No less frequently
44、 than every 1 month for any single cement from a single source.9. Conditioning9.1 Maintain the temperature of the room and dry materials at 23.0 6 3.0 C.9.2 Maintain the relative humidity of the testing room at a minimum of 50 %.9.3 Sieve all samples through an 850-m (No. 20) mesh screen prior to th
45、e pack-set determination.9.4 Prior to each use, clean the inside and outside of the flask, the table top of the vibrating table, and the roto-tester with a dryclean cloth.10. Procedure10.1 Place 100.060.1 g of cement, or 90.060.1 g if Type III cement, into the clean flask. Stopper tightly with the c
46、ork stopperto avoid spillage.10.2 De-agglomeration:10.2.1 Support the flask with the neck maintained in a nearly horizontal position (consider nearly horizontal to be less than 90but more than 70 from the vertical position of the flask). Rotate the flask one-half turn in the same direction. Continue
47、 rotationat the rate of two half-turns per second for a minimum of 10 s (See(see Note 7).FIG. 2 Roto-TesterC1565 17410.2.2 Level the bed of cement by manually suspending the flask by the neck in an upright position and gently swirling the flaskabout its longitudinal axis. Avoid excessive shaking or
48、swirling which can cause re-agglomeration of the cement particles.NOTE 7Proper and sufficient de-agglomeration is required for acceptable repeatability of the test. Operators should practice the procedure to reducedifferences between repeat determinations of the index.10.3 Insure that the voltage su
49、pplied to the vibrating table is set at the predetermined peak voltage. The table must be “ON”for this procedure. Turn the table “OFF” when finished.10.4 Gently place the flask onto the vibrating table inside of the retaining dowels, engage the restraining device in such a manneras to insure no lateral movement between dowels and flask wall during vibration. Set the timer for 15 s, and operate the vibratingtable for the 15 s.10.5 Remove the flask from the table, gently tip the flask to a horizontal position, place the flask into the roto-tester, carefull
