1、Designation: C159 06 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Specification forVitrified Clay Filter Blocks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C159; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for acceptance,prior to installation, of vitrified clay filter block used intrickling filters
3、for the treatment of sewage and industrialwastes.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 The following precautionary cave
4、at pertains only to thetest method portions shown in Annex A1 Annex A3. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the appl
5、icability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC896 Terminology Relating to Clay ProductsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 The definitions for clay, fire clay, shale, and
6、surface clayare as defined in Terminology C896.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compressive strengththe pressure, measured in psi(kPa) which causes failure of vitrified clay filter block, with theload being applied to the block in the direction of use.3.2.2 filter blockrectan
7、gular, vitrified clay units with inte-rior drainage channels, having apertures that connect to thedrainage channels through the upper surface. The apertures arearranged to form drainage and aeration grilles that pass air into,and liquids from, overlying filtering media. The drainagechannels of the f
8、ilter block provide for the conveyance of thefiltered liquid away from the filter bed.3.2.2.1 Type I-S and Type I-H filter blockone-piece unitssuitable for constructing a single-course trickling filter floor.3.2.3 lotunless otherwise specified, a lot shall consist ofall filter block of each type of
9、the contract or purchase order.3.2.4 wallsExterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filterblock.3.2.5 websinterior supports separating channels of vitri-fied clay filter block.4. Classification4.1 Filter block are manufactured in the following types:4.1.1 Type I-S, standard rate and4.1.2 Type I-H, h
10、igh rate.4.2 The purchaser shall specify the type of filter block to befurnished.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for filter block under this specification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of filter block,5.1.3 ASTM designation and date of issue,5.1.4 Required tests
11、or certification, and5.1.5 Inspection location; factory or point of delivery.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Filter block shall be formed from fire clay, shale, surfaceclay, or a combination of these materials.6.2 Formed filter block shall be fired to a suitable tempera-ture to yield a product that
12、is strong, durable, and serviceableand conforms to this specification.7. Chemical Requirements7.1 Acid ResistanceAcid-soluble matter in filter blockshall not exceed 0.25 % by weight when tested as specified inthis specification in any of the following acids: sulfuric(H2SO4), hydrochloric (HCl), nitr
13、ic (HNO3), or acetic(CH3COOH). The test shall be performed only when specified.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcomittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and SpecificationsCurrent edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. P
14、ublished November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C159 - 06(2011). DOI:10.1520/C0159-06R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
15、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17.2 The purchaser shall designate the acid or acids to beused in this test.8. Physical Properties8.1 Compressive
16、 StrengthCompressive strength tests shallbe performed on full- or half-size block. The average compres-sive strength of filter block units shall be at least 450 psi (3.1mPa), and no individual unit shall have a compressive strengthless than 400 psi (2.8 mPa). The compressive strength shall becalcula
17、ted on the gross area of the block.8.2 AbsorptionThe average absorption of five filter block,determined by 1-h submersion in boiling water, shall notexceed 6 % by weight.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 ApertureThe smallest dimension of an aperture inType I-S and I-H filter block shall no
18、t exceed 112 in. (38 mm),and the total aperture area shall be at least 20 % of the top area.9.2 Drainage Channels:9.2.1 The drainage channel cross-sectional area shall bedefined as the channel area lying below the lowest level of theaperture. Minimum cross-sectional area of drainage channelsin filte
19、r block shall be as shown in the following table:Drainage Channel Cross-Sectional AreaType Area, min, in.2/ft (cm2/m) of widthI-SI-H20 (425)40 (850)9.2.2 Drainage channels of filter block shall be curved ornarrowed at the bottom to maintain velocity in the channels atlow flow.9.2.3 The minimum depth
20、 of drainage channels in filterblock shall be 212 in. (64 mm), measured from the lowest levelof the aperture.9.2.4 There shall be at least two parallel drainage channelsper foot (0.3 m) of width of Type I-S and I-H filter block.9.3 Exterior Walls and Interior WebsThickness of exteriorwalls in Type I
21、-S and I-H filter block shall be at least916 in. (14mm) and interior webs separating drainage channels shall be atleast12 in. (13 mm).9.4 Permissible Variations in Dimensions:9.4.1 Exterior dimensions of filter block shall be the dimen-sions stated by the manufacturer, 614 in./ft (21 mm/m).9.4.2 The
22、 lower bearing surface of filter block shall not varyfrom a plane by more than316 in. ft (16 mm/m) of the greatestdimension of the block.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 Filter block shall be substantially free of laminations.10.2 Blisters shall not exceed 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter, andbl
23、isters or pimples shall not project more than18 in. (3 mm)above the surface.10.3 Chips shall not exceed 2 in. (51 mm) in length, 1 in.(25 mm) in width, and a depth of316 in. (5 mm).10.4 Open cracks shall be no longer than 112 in. (38 mm)and surface cracks no longer than 3 in. (76 mm). Open crackssha
24、ll not extend through the upper surface from the end of thefilter block to an aperture opening, nor between apertureopenings.11. Sampling11.1 Selection of Test SpecimensFull- or half-size filterblock shall be selected by the purchaser or his representative atpoints he designates when placing the ord
25、er. Specimens shallmeet the dimensions, workmanship, finish, and appearancerequirements of this specification.11.2 Number of SpecimensThe number of specimens to betested shall be at least five full-size or half-size filter blockselected from each lot, except the acid resistance tests shall betested
26、on one specimen from each lot. Additional specimensmay be tested at the discretion of the purchaser.11.3 IdentificationEach specimen shall be marked so thatit may be identified at any time. Filter block specimenmarkings shall not cover more than 5 % of the superficial areaof the specimen.12. Retesti
27、ng12.1 If test specimens from a lot fail to meet compressivestrength, absorption, or acid resistance requirements, the manu-facturer or seller may sort the shipment into two lots. Newsamples shall be selected by the purchaser from the lot to beretained. If the set of test specimens from the retained
28、 lot failsto meet these requirements, the retained lot shall also berejected.13. Test Methods13.1 Physical and chemical tests shall be conducted inaccordance with the procedures described in Annex A1 Annex A3.14. Inspection14.1 Filter block shall be subject to inspection by thepurchaser or the purch
29、asers representative. Inspection shall bemade at the factory or promptly at the point and time ofdelivery. The purpose of this inspection is to determine whetherthe filter block meet the dimension, workmanship, appearance,and marking requirements of this specification.14.2 Filter block that do not m
30、eet the dimensions,workmanship, appearance, and marking specifications shall berejected and replaced by the manufacturer or seller with filterblocks that meet the specifications.14.3 If the purchaser desires compressive strength,absorption, and acid resistance tests, the purchaser shall selectfilter
31、 block for testing in accordance with the samplingprocedures of this specification. Ten days shall be allowed aftersampling for completion of testing.14.4 The cost of initial inspection and testing shall be borneby the purchaser. The cost of retesting because of failure of thefilter block to pass th
32、e initial test shall be borne by themanufacturer.C159 06 (2016)215. Certification15.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, amanufacturers certification shall be furnished to the purchaserstating that the material was manufactured, sampled, tested,and inspected in accordance with this sp
33、ecification and hasbeen found to meet the requirements.Areport of the test resultsshall be furnished when required.16. Product Marking16.1 Identification marks shall be indented legibly on theexterior of the filter block as follows:16.1.1 Manufacturers name and16.1.2 Type of filter block.17. Precisi
34、on and Bias17.1 No statements are made on the precision or bias of thetest methods for measuring compressive strength, absorptionpercentage, or acid resistance, (see Annexes) since confor-mance to specific criteria is the only measure for successspecified in these test methods.18. Keywords18.1 clay
35、blocks; drains; filters; filter drainage; media;media supports; support; trickling filters; underdrainsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThese requirements apply only to Federal/Military procurement, not domestic sales or transfers.S1. Government/Military ProcurementS1.1 Responsibility for InspectionUnless
36、otherwise speci-fied in the contract or purchase order, the producer is respon-sible for the performance of all inspection and test require-ments specified herein. The producer may use his own or anyother suitable facilities for the performance of the inspectionand test requirements specified herein
37、, unless the purchaserdisapproves. The purchaser shall have the right to perform anyof the inspections and tests set forth in this specification wheresuch inspections are deemed necessary to ensure that materialconforms to prescribed requirements.NOTE S1.1In U.S. Federal contracts, the contractor is
38、 responsible forinspection.S2. Packaging and Marking for U.S. Government Procure-ment:S2.1 PackagingUnless otherwise specified in thecontract, the materials shall be packaged in accordance withthe suppliers standard practice in a manner ensuring arrival atdestination in satisfactory condition and wh
39、ich will be accept-able to the carrier at lowest rates. Containers and packing shallcomply with Uniform Freight Classification rules or NationalMotor Freight Classification rules.S2.2 Marking Marking for shipment shall be in accor-dance with Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 for m
40、ilitary agencies.NOTE S2.1The inclusion of U.S. Government procurement require-ments should not be construed as an indication that the U.S. Governmentuses or endorses the products described in this document.ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTA1.1 Preparation of SpecimensA1.1.
41、1 DryingDry the specimen at least 16 h in a venti-lated oven at a temperature between 230 and 240F (110 and115C) and until two successive weighings at intervals of notless than 3 h show a weight loss at any weighing not greaterthan 0.1 % of the original weight of the specimen.A1.2 Capping Test Speci
42、mensA1.2.1 If the filter block surfaces that will become bearingsurfaces during the compression test are recessed or paneled,fill the depressions with mortar composed of 1 part by weightof quick-hardening portland cement conforming to the require-ments of Type III cement of Specification C150/C150M
43、and 2parts by weight of sand before capping them. Where thedepression exceeds12 in. (13 mm), fill the depression witheither a brick or tile slab section or a metal plate beforeapplying the mortar. Cap the test specimens using the follow-ing procedures.A1.2.2 Coat the two opposite bearing surfaces of
44、 eachspecimen with shellac and allow to dry thoroughly. Bed one ofthe dry shellacked surfaces of the specimen in a thin coat ofneat paste of calcined gypsum (plaster of paris) that has beenspread on an oiled nonabsorbent casting plate such as glass ormachined metal. The casting plate shall be a plan
45、e within 0.003in. (0.08 mm) in 16 in. (405 mm) and sufficiently rigid andsupported that it will not deflect measurably during the cappingoperation. Repeat this procedure with the other shellackedsurface. Take care that the opposite bearing surfaces so formedwill be approximately parallel and perpend
46、icular to the verticalaxis of the specimen and that the thickness of the caps will beC159 06 (2016)3approximately the same and not exceeding18 in. (3 mm). Agethe caps at least 24 h before testing the specimens.A1.3 ProcedureA1.3.1 Test the filter block specimens in a position such thatthe load is ap
47、plied in the same direction as in service. Centerthe specimens under the spherical upper bearing within116 in.(1.6 mm).A1.3.2 The testing machine shall conform to the require-ments of Practices E4.A1.3.3 The upper bearing shall be a spherically seated,hardened metal block firmly attached at the cent
48、er of the upperhead of the machine. The center of the sphere shall lie at thecenter of the surface of the block in contact with the specimen.The block shall be closely held in its spherical seat, but shall befree to turn in any direction, to allow for specimens whosebearing surfaces are not exactly
49、parallel. The diameter of thebearing block surface shall be at least 5 in. (125 mm). Whenthe bearing area of the spherical bearing block is not sufficientto cover the area of the specimen, place a steel plate with athickness equal to at least one third of the distance from theedge of the spherical bearing to the most distant corner of thecapped specimen. Use a hardened metal bearing block beneaththe specimen to minimize wear of the lower platen of themachine. The bearing block surfaces intended for contact withthe specimen should have a hard
