1、Designation: C1615 10Standard Guide forMechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot CellFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide generalguidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, inst
3、al-lation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systemsused in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanicaldrive systems used herein, encompasses all individual compo-nents used for imparting motion to equipment systems, sub-systems, assemblies, and other components. It also includesc
4、omplete positioning systems and individual units that providemotive power and any position indicators necessary to monitorthe motion.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equip-ment used under one or more of the following conditions:1.2.1.1 The materials handled or pr
5、ocessed constitute asignificant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), butequipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is notexcluded.1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be ac
6、cessed directly forpurposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipmentbe viewed directly, for example, without radiation shieldingwindows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system (GuidesC1572 and C1661).1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is themetric unit, also known as SI
7、Units, which are commonly usedfor International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10Standard for Use of International System of Units. Commonnomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically horse-power uses a combination of both metric and inch-pound units.1.3 User Caveats:1.3.1 This standar
8、d is not a substitute for applied engineer-ing skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is toprovide guidance.1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating todesign of equipment is intended only to alert designers andengineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that
9、have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design,selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drivesystems for the subject service conditions.1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries ofconditions, practices, features, or lack of features that werefound to be sources o
10、f operational or maintenance problems, orcauses of failure.1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or stateregulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment underany conditions.1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
11、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices, and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Industry and National Consensus StandardsNationally recognized industry and consensus standards
12、 whichmay be applicable in whole or in part to the design, selection,quality insurance, installation, operation, and maintenance ofequipment are referenced throughout this standard and includethe following:2.2 ASTM Standards:2ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standrd for Use of the InternationalSystem of UnitsC859 Te
13、rminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1533 Guide for General Design Considerations for HotCell EquipmentC1554 Guide for Materials Handling Equipment for HotCellsC1572 Guide for Dry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled Lead GlassRadiation Shielding Window Components for RemotelyOperated FacilitiesC1661 Guide
14、for Viewing Systems for Remotely OperatedFacilitiesE170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements andDosimetry1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear FuelCycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.Current edition approved June
15、1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1615 - 05. DOI:10.1520/C1615-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume infor
16、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 Other Standards:NEMA MG1 Motors and Generators3AGMA 390.0 American Gear Manufacturers Association,Gear Handbo
17、ok4ANS Design Guides for Radioactive Material HandlingFacilities and Equipment5ASME B17.1 Keys and Keyseats6NLGI American Standard Classification of LubricatingGrease7ASME NOG-1 American Society of Mechanical EngineersCommittee on Cranes for Nuclear Facilities Rules forConstruction of Overhead and G
18、antry Cranes6ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements forNuclear Facility Applications8ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001 Quality Management Standard Re-quirements8NCRP Report No. 82 SI Units in Radiation Protection andMeasurements9ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation10CERN 70-5 Effects of Radiatio
19、n on Materials and Compo-nents112.4 Federal Standards and Regulations:1210CFR 830.120, Subpart A Nuclear Safety ManagementQuality Assurance Requirements10CFR 50 Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear PowerPlants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants40CFR 260-279 Solid Waste Regulations Resource Con-servation
20、 and Recovery Act (RCRA)3. Terminology3.1 General Considerations:3.1.1 The terminology employed in this standard conformswith industry practice insofar as practicable.3.1.2 For definitions of general terms used to describenuclear materials, hot cells, and hot cell equipment, refer toTerminology C859
21、 and E170.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 absorbed dose, D, L2T2, nabsorbed dose is themean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass ofspecified material.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for absorbed dose is thegray (Gy), defined as 1 J/kg.3.2.2 activity, A, T1, nin in the nuclear industry, activityi
22、s the measure of the rate of spontaneous nuclear transforma-tions of a radioactive material.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for activity is the becquerel(Bq), defined as 1 transformation per second. The original unitfor activity was the curie (Ci), defined as 3.7 3 1010transfor-mations per second. NCR
23、P-823.2.3 alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of analpha particle, composed of two protons and two neutrons witha positive charge of plus two, during the nuclear transformationprocess.3.2.3.1 DiscussionAn alpha particle is the same as ahelium atom with no electrons.3.2.4 becquerel (Bq), T1
24、, nthe SI unit of measure foractivity, defined as 1 transformation per second.3.2.5 beta radiation, nan electron that was generated inthe atomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge ofone.3.2.6 dose equivalent, L2T2, na measure of the biologi-cal effects of radiation dose from all types of
25、 radiationexpressed on a common scale.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe SI unit for dose equivalent is thesievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit forhuman dose equivalent. Radiation dose equivalent is oftenexpressed in terms of microsieverts (Sv) or millirem (mrem).NCRP-82 ICRU 10b3.2.7 encode
26、rs, nfor the purpose of this standard, aremeasuring devices that detect changes in rotary or linearmotion, direction of movement, and relative position byproducing electrical signals using sensors and an optical disk.3.2.8 gamma radiation, nhigh energy, short wavelengthelectromagnetic radiation whic
27、h originates from the nucleus.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGamma radiation often accompaniesparticle emissions associated with radioactive decay. Gammaradiation has no electrical charge.3.2.9 gray (Gy), L2T2, na gray is the SI unit of absorbeddose (1 J/kg).3.2.10 high density concrete, na concrete having a den
28、sitygreater than 2400 kg per cubic meter (150 lb per cubic foot).3.2.11 hot cell, nan isolated shielded containment thatprovides a controlled environment and is designed to safelyhandle radioactive and typically contaminated material andequipment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe design radiation levels within
29、 ahot cell are typically 1 Gy/hr (100 rads per hour) or higher.3.2.12 inert gas, na type of commercial grade moisturefree gas, usually argon or nitrogen that is present in the hot cell.3.2.13 linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), natransducer for linear displacement measurement that conve
30、rtsmechanical motion into an electrical signal that can be me-tered, recorded, or transmitted.3.2.14 master-slave manipulator (MSM), na device toremotely handle items, tools, or radioactive material in a hotcell.3Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300N. 17th St., S
31、uite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209, http:/www.nema.org.4Available from American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 500Montgomery St., Suite 350, Alexandria, VA 22314-1581, http:/www.agma.org.5Available from ANS, 555 North Kensington Avenue, LaGrange Park, Ilinois60526.6Available from American Society
32、of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.7Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyondotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112.8Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036,
33、http:/www.ansi.org.9Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-309510Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-ments, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.11Availa
34、ble from CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland.12Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Docu-ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov.C1615 1023.2.14.1 DiscussionThe operator cont
35、rols the master andthe follower or slave replicates its movements to handle thematerial in the hot cell. The mechanical connection betweenthe master and follower is made with metal tapes or cables.MSMs typically have lifting capacities of 9 to 23 kg (20 to 50lb.). C15543.2.15 mechanical drive system
36、s, nrefers to but is notlimited to motors, gears, resolvers, encoders, bearings, cou-plings, bushings, lubricants, solenoids, shafts, pneumatic cyl-inders, and lead screws.3.2.16 mockup, nin nuclear applications, a structure,utilities, components, and systems used to represent the physi-cal environm
37、ent of a radiological facility in a non-radiologicalsetting.3.2.16.1 DiscussionMockups are typically full scale rep-resentations used to assure proper clearances, accessibility,visibility, maintainability, performance, or operability of itemsto be subsequently installed in a radiological environment
38、.3.2.17 moderator, nin the nuclear industry, materials thatslow down fast neutrons via collisions between the neutron andan atomic nucleus.3.2.17.1 DiscussionNuclei with masses above 20 arenormally not considered moderators. Moderator examplesinclude water, graphite, oil, solvents, concrete, and pol
39、yethyl-ene or other plastics.3.2.18 neutron radiation, nthe emission of neutrons re-sulting from instability in the atomic nucleus.3.2.18.1 DiscussionNeutrons have a mass slightly heavierthan a proton, but have no electrical charge.3.2.19 radiation, nin the nuclear industry, the emissionthat occurs
40、when a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay.3.2.19.1 DiscussionThe emitted radiation types may in-clude alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons.3.2.20 radiation shielding window, nan optically trans-parent assembly that provides a means for viewing into a hotcell, and shields the op
41、erator from radiation.3.2.20.1 DiscussionA shielding window can be either dryor oil-filled.3.2.21 radiation streaming, na term used to describe thephenomenon in which beams of radiation escape from aninadequately shielded area.3.2.22 resolvers, nfor the purpose of this standard, arerotational positi
42、on measuring devices that are essentially rotarytransformers with secondary windings on the rotor and stator atright angles to the other windings.3.2.23 sievert (Sv), L2T2, nthe SI unit of measure fordose equivalent to humans.3.2.23.1 DiscussionOne sievert equals 100 rem.4. Significance and Use4.1 M
43、echanical drive systems operability and long-termintegrity are concerns that should be addressed primarilyduring the design phase; however, problems identified duringfabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes inthe design documented. Equipment operability and integritycan be compromi
44、sed during handling and installation se-quences. For this reason, the subject equipment should behandled and installed under closely controlled and supervisedconditions.4.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to otherstandards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, andcriteria applicabl
45、e to the design of equipment intended for thisuse.4.3 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to awide range of types and configurations of mechanical drivesystems.5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements5.1 The owner-operator should administer a quality assur-ance program approved
46、 by the agency of jurisdiction. QAprograms may be required to comply with 10CFR 50, Appen-dix B, 10CFR 830.120, Subpart A, ASME NQA-1, or ISOQ9001.5.2 The owner-operator should require appropriate qualityassurance of purchased mechanical drive systems and compo-nents to assure proper fit up, operati
47、on and reliability of theequipment in the hot cell.6. General Requirements6.1 For safe and efficient operation, a minimum number ofmechanical drive system components should be placed in a hotcell. Unnecessary equipment in a cell adds to the cost ofoperating and maintaining the cell and adds to the e
48、ventualdecontamination and disposal costs of hot cell equipment. Athorough review of the mechanical drive systems necessary toperform the hot cell operations should be performed prior tointroducing the equipment into the hot cell.6.2 All hot cell equipment should be handled with extremecare during t
49、ransfers and installation sequences to ensureagainst collision damage.6.3 Installation should be planned and sequenced so thatother equipment is not handled above and around previouslyinstalled components to the extent practicable.6.4 Principles of good modular design and standardizationshould be considered for maintainability of equipment duringits design life. Determination should be made early in thedesign at which level of subassembly the equipment will bedisassembled and replaced if necessary. The optimal level isstrongl
