1、Designation: C 1666/C 1666M 08Standard Specification forAlkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1666/C 1666M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements foralkali resistant (AR) glass fi
3、bers intended for use in glassfiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, andother cementitious based products.1.2 This specification provides for AR glass fiber types andconfigurations that can be readily incorporated into concret
4、emixes, typical physical properties, minimum zirconia content,and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance tothese requirements.1.3 This specification does not address the types of coatingsor lubricants used in the manufacturing process of the fibers.1.4 In the case of conflict between
5、 a more stringent require-ment of a product specification and a requirement of thisspecification, the product specification shall prevail. In the caseof a conflict between a requirement of the product specificationor a requirement of this specification and a more stringentrequirement of the purchase
6、 order, the purchase order shallprevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take prece-dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of theproduct specification or this specification; for example, by thewaiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirementless stringent.1.5 The
7、values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues fro
8、m the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appl
9、ica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 578 Specification for Glass Fiber StrandsD 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by theSingle-Strand MethodD 3800 Test Method for Density
10、of High-Modulus FibersD 4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands andFabrics2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 1887 Textile GlassDetermination of Combustible-Matter ContentISO 1888 Textile GlassStaple Fibres or FilamentsDetermination of Average DiameterISO 1889 Reinforcement YarnsDetermination of Line
11、arDensityISO 3341 Textile Glass YarnsDetermination of BreakingForce and Breaking Elongation2.3 EN Standards:4EN 14649 Precast Concrete ProductsTest Method forStrength Retention of Glass Fibre in Cement and Concrete2.4 Japanese Industrial Standards:5JISR 3420 Testing Methods of Textile Glass Products
12、3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2 alkali resistant (AR) glass fiber, na glass fiber productthat is resistant to the alkaline conditions that exist in matricessuch as those based on Portland cement, and that are used forthe reinforcement of cement, mortar, and concr
13、ete products.The resistance is due mostly to the specific composition of theglass.1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.40 on GlassFiber Reinforced Concrete.Current edition approved May 1, 2
14、008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 1666/C 1666M 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
15、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 36 rue deStassart, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen
16、orm.be.5Available from Japanese Standards Organization (JSA), 4-1-24 AkasakaMinato-Ku, Tokyo, 107-8440, Japan, http:/www.jsa.or.ja.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 chopped strands, nstrands, as defined in 3.10,chop
17、ped to discrete lengths, usually between 3 and 50 mm0.125 and 2 in.3.4 filament, na single glass fiber, sometimes referred toas monofilament.3.5 GFRC, nglass fiber-reinforced concrete, sometimesreferred to as GRC.3.6 matrix, nthe concrete (or mortar) without the glassfiber reinforcement.3.7 roving,
18、na number of parallel, continuous, not twisted,strands wound together to form a cylindrical package.3.8 scrim or net, nglass fiber roving or yarn strands laid intwo directions at 90 and then bonded together to form anon-woven stable structured textile fabric.3.9 size, ncoatings applied to filaments
19、during manufac-ture that facilitate the processing of glass fibers and bond thefilaments together. Different sizings can provide differentperformance characteristics of the fibers.3.10 strand, nseveral parallel filaments of consistent di-ameter, bonded together with a size.3.11 tex, nthe weight in g
20、rams of one kilometre of strandor roving.3.12 woven roving, nglass fiber roving products that areproduced by weaving into a structured textile fabric.3.13 yarn, nglass fiber strands that are twisted together.4. Classification4.1 AR glass fibers are available in three forms as follows:4.1.1 Type I, R
21、ovinga variety of different roving aremanufactured with different processing characteristics, whichmakes them suitable for particular applications such as chop-ping and spraying, weaving and scrim manufacture, filamentwinding, and chopped strand production.4.1.2 Type II, Chopped Strandsavailable in
22、lengths from 3mm 0.125 in. to 50 mm 2.0 in. Chopped strands aredesigned to remain either as integral bundles of filaments(usually referred to as integral strands) or to breakdown intoindividual filaments (filamentize) during mixing (usually re-ferred to as water dispersible strands).4.1.3 Type III,
23、TextilesAvailable as woven, knitted, ornon-woven fabrics.5. Ordering Information5.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements that are necessary for the product under thisspecification. Such requirements to be considered include, butare not limited to, the following:
24、5.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue.5.1.2 Quantity in kilograms pounds or tons for rovings orchopped strands or in square metres square feet or squareyards for textiles.5.1.3 Type or types permissible (see 4.1).5.1.4 Manufacturers product code, if not included in code,tex shall be specified for
25、 roving, length shall be specified forchopped strands, and weight/unit area or number of strands/unit length shall be specified for textiles.5.1.5 Whether certificate of analysis by the manufacturer isrequired.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 The materials and manufacturing methods used shall besuch
26、that the fibers produced conform to the requirements inthis specification.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Alkali resistant glass fiber shall have a minimum of16 % by mass of zirconium dioxide.8. Mechanical Properties8.1 The AR glass fiber roving or chopped strands shall bedeemed to comply with the requir
27、ements of this specification ifthe results obtained on test samples comply with the valuesspecified in Table 1.9. Performance Requirements9.1 The strength of AR glass fiber shall be measuredaccording to EN 14649.9.2 Users ofAR glass fibers shall require that manufacturersof AR glass fiber show indep
28、endent validation of performancein the SIC test.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 The roving, chopped strands, or textiles shall be freefrom oil, grease, and other contaminants. A roving packageshall be free from obvious damage and shall not be deformed11. Inspection11.1 Unless otherwise s
29、pecified in the purchase order orcontract, the manufacturer is responsible for the performanceof all inspection and test requirements specified herein. Exceptas otherwise specified in the purchased order or contract, themanufacturer may use his own or any other suitable facility forTABLE 1 Test Requ
30、irementsProperty Specification Value Method of TestZirconia content(ZrO2)16 % min X-ray fluorescenceADensity 2.68 6 0.3 g/cm3167.0 6 19 lb/ft3ASTM D 3800Tensile Strength 1.01.7 Gpa145 3 103246 3 103psiASTM D 2256,ISO 3341,JISR 3420Range ofFilament Diameters830 m313 10-5-118 3 10-5in.ASTM D 578,ISO 1
31、888,JISR 3420Roving tex 610 % ofmanufacturers nominalASTM D 1577,ISO 1889,JISR 3420Strand length 63mm60.118 in.of manufacturers nominalCaliperAverageof 20 measurementsEnd count 620 % ofmanufacturers nominalPhysical countLoss on ignition 3 % ASTM D 4963,ISO 1887,JISR 3420Strength retention Minimum va
32、lue after 96 6 1hin water at 80 61C 176 6 2F$250 MPa 36 250 psifor water dispersible strands$350 MPa 50 750 psifor integral strandsEN 14649AAny party that is interested in doing this test should contact an AR glass fibermanufacturer before running it so as to avoid possible erroneous results.C 1666/
33、C 1666M 082the performance of the inspection and test requirements speci-fied herein unless disapproved by the purchaser. The purchasershall have the right to perform any of the inspections and testsset forth in this specification where such inspections aredeemed necessary to ensure that material co
34、nforms to pre-scribed requirements.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Rejection:12.1.1 If any test fails to conform to the requirements ofthis specification, it shall be cause for rejection of the materialrepresented by the test. Material that is found to be defectivesubsequent to its acceptance at the
35、 manufacturers works maybe rejected, and manufacturer notified.12.1.2 Rejection of fibers shall be reported to the manufac-turer promptly and in writing, stating the lot number from thebag or the box of the rejected fibers. Samples representingfibers rejected by the purchaser shall be preserved unti
36、ldisposition of the claim has been agreed to between thesupplier and the purchaser.12.2 RehearingWhen any test fails to meet the require-ments of Table 1, a retest shall be allowed. This retest shall beperformed on twice the number of randomly selected speci-mens originally tested. The results of th
37、e retest shall meet therequirements of this specification or the lot shall be rejected.13. Certification13.1 Certificate of Compliance/AnalysisThe producer orsupplier shall furnish a certificate of compliance/analysis whenspecified in the purchase order or contract. The certificate ofcompliance/anal
38、ysis shall state that the product was manufac-tured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with thisspecification (including year of issue) and any other require-ments stated in the purchase order or contract, and that it meetssuch requirements.13.2 Test ReportsWhen specified in the purchase
39、order orcontract, test reports shall be furnished to the purchasercontaining the results of all tests required by this specification(including year of issue), and any other requirements desig-nated in the purchase order or contract.13.3 A signature or notarization is not required; however,the docume
40、nt shall clearly identify the organization submittingthe document. Notwithstanding the absence of a signature, theorganization submitting the document is responsible for itscontent.14. Packaging and Package Marking14.1 The product shall be packaged to provide adequateprotection during normal handlin
41、g and transportation. The typeof packaging and gross mass (weight) of containers shall,unless otherwise agreed upon, be at the manufacturers discre-tion provided that they are such as to ensure acceptance bycommon or other carriers for safe transportation at the lowestrate to the delivery point.14.2
42、 Each shipping container shall be clearly labeled andshow manufacturers name or trademark, product code, lotnumber or manufacturing code, and net mass (weight). At themanufacturers discretion other information may be given.15. Keywords15.1 AR glass fibers; GFRC; glass fiber-reinforced con-crete; gla
43、ss fiber-reinforced concrete premix; SIC test; zirconiaAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTS PERTINENT TO USERS OF ALKALI RESISTANT (AR) GLASS FIBERX1.1 The minimum zirconia content of 16 % was estab-lished by testing of a wide range of glass formulations thatcontained several different con
44、tents of zirconia (1, 2).6Alsoseveral other compounds, such as TiO2, were also evaluatedand discounted as being inferior to zirconia in conferring alkaliresistance (1, 2).X1.2 Although glass fibers with a minimum content of16 % zirconia content demonstrate good resistance to alkaliattack, some loss
45、in flexural strength may occur in glass fiberreinforced concrete composites with high fiber content, in therange of 3 to 5 % (mass %). Composites with fiber contentsless than 3 % do not exhibit much change in flexural strengthwith time (3). The flexural strength reduction always stabilizesafter a ce
46、rtain amount of time depending on exposure condi-tions and there is no further reduction (2). The reduction instrength of high fiber content glass fiber reinforced concrete(GFRC) is well documented and has been understood since theintroduction of GFRC in 1970 (2). The Precast/PrestressedConcrete Ins
47、titute (PCI) has developed a design procedure thattakes full account of any changes in strength and it isrecommended that those using GFRC should consult the PCImanual (4). The design procedure is incorporated in the GFRCsection in the International Building Code. The use of poz-zolans, such as sili
48、ca fume, metakaolin, Class C and F fly ash,and pulverized borosilicate glass (usually referred to as Eglass), when incorporated in sufficient quantity can havebeneficial effects on long-term properties of GFRC (2).ARglass fiber manufacturers should be consulted about the use ofpozzolans in GFRC. Spe
49、cial cements and supplementary ce-menting materials (SCMs) that consume the free lime in6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.C 1666/C 1666M 083Portland cement, such as calcium sulpho-aluminate cements,and slag have excellent long-term properties when reinforcedwith AR glass fibers (5).X1.3 AR Glass fiber strands are not single fibers but arebundles of very fine filaments. The good flexural strength thatis attained by GFRC composites (in excess of 17 Mpa 2,5
