1、Designation: C1666/C1666M 08 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Specification forAlkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1666/C1666M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements foralkali resistant
3、(AR) glass fibers intended for use in glassfiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, andother cementitious based products.1.2 This specification provides for AR glass fiber types andconfigurations that can be readily incorporated
4、 into concretemixes, typical physical properties, minimum zirconia content,and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance tothese requirements.1.3 This specification does not address the types of coatingsor lubricants used in the manufacturing process of the fibers.1.4 In the case of con
5、flict between a more stringent require-ment of a product specification and a requirement of thisspecification, the product specification shall prevail. In the caseof a conflict between a requirement of the product specificationor a requirement of this specification and a more stringentrequirement of
6、 the purchase order, the purchase order shallprevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take prece-dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of theproduct specification or this specification; for example, by thewaiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirementless strin
7、gent.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combin
8、ingvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
9、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D578 Specification for Glass Fiber StrandsD1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by theSingle-Strand MethodD3800 Test Method for
10、 Density of High-Modulus FibersD4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands andFabrics2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 1887 Textile GlassDetermination of Combustible-Matter ContentISO 1888 Textile GlassStaple Fibres or FilamentsDetermination of Average DiameterISO 1889 Reinforcement YarnsDetermination
11、 of LinearDensityISO 3341 Textile Glass YarnsDetermination of BreakingForce and Breaking Elongation2.3 EN Standards:4EN 14649 Precast Concrete ProductsTest Method forStrength Retention of Glass Fibre in Cement and Concrete2.4 Japanese Industrial Standards:5JISR 3420 Testing Methods of Textile Glass
12、Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 alkali resistant (AR) glass fiber, na glass fiberproduct that is resistant to the alkaline conditions that exist inmatrices such as those based on Portland cement, and that are1This specification is under the jurisdiction
13、 ofASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.40 on GlassFiber Reinforced Concrete.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1666/C1666M 08.DOI: 10.1520/C1
14、666_C1666M-08R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards
15、Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 36 rue deStassart, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cenorm.be.5Available from Japanese Standards Organization (JSA), 4-1-24 AkasakaMinato-Ku, Tokyo, 10
16、7-8440, Japan, http:/www.jsa.or.ja.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1used for the reinforcement of cement, mortar, and concreteproducts. The resistance is due mostly to the specific compo-sition of the glass.3.1.2 choppe
17、d strands, nstrands, as defined in 3.1.9,chopped to discrete lengths, usually between 3 and 50 mm0.125 and 2 in.3.1.3 filament, na single glass fiber, sometimes referred toas monofilament.3.1.4 GFRC, nglass fiber-reinforced concrete, sometimesreferred to as GRC.3.1.5 matrix, nthe concrete (or mortar
18、) without the glassfiber reinforcement.3.1.6 roving, na number of parallel, continuous, nottwisted, strands wound together to form a cylindrical package.3.1.7 scrim or net, nglass fiber roving or yarn strands laidin two directions at 90 and then bonded together to form anon-woven stable structured t
19、extile fabric.3.1.8 size, ncoatings applied to filaments during manufac-ture that facilitate the processing of glass fibers and bond thefilaments together. Different sizings can provide differentperformance characteristics of the fibers.3.1.9 strand, nseveral parallel filaments of consistentdiameter
20、, bonded together with a size.3.1.10 tex, nthe weight in grams of one kilometre ofstrand or roving.3.1.11 woven roving, nglass fiber roving products that areproduced by weaving into a structured textile fabric.3.1.12 yarn, nglass fiber strands that are twisted together.4. Classification4.1 AR glass
21、fibers are available in three forms as follows:4.1.1 Type I, RovingAvariety of different roving are manu-factured with different processing characteristics, which makesthem suitable for particular applications such as chopping andspraying, weaving and scrim manufacture, filament winding,and chopped
22、strand production.4.1.2 Type II, Chopped StrandsAvailable in lengths from3 mm 0.125 in. to 50 mm 2.0 in. Chopped strands aredesigned to remain either as integral bundles of filaments(usually referred to as integral strands) or to breakdown intoindividual filaments (filamentize) during mixing (usuall
23、y re-ferred to as water dispersible strands).4.1.3 Type III, TextilesAvailable as woven, knitted, ornon-woven fabrics.5. Ordering Information5.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements that are necessary for the product under thisspecification. Such requirements to
24、 be considered include, butare not limited to, the following:5.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue.5.1.2 Quantity in kilograms pounds or tons for rovings orchopped strands or in square metres square feet or squareyards for textiles.5.1.3 Type or types permissible (see 4.1).5.1.4 Manufacturers pro
25、duct code, if not included in code,tex shall be specified for roving, length shall be specified forchopped strands, and weight/unit area or number of strands/unit length shall be specified for textiles.5.1.5 Whether certificate of analysis by the manufacturer isrequired.6. Materials and Manufacture6
26、.1 The materials and manufacturing methods used shall besuch that the fibers produced conform to the requirements inthis specification.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Alkali resistant glass fiber shall have a minimum of16 % by mass of zirconium dioxide.8. Mechanical Properties8.1 The AR glass fiber rovin
27、g or chopped strands shall bedeemed to comply with the requirements of this specification ifthe results obtained on test samples comply with the valuesspecified in Table 1.9. Performance Requirements9.1 The strength of AR glass fiber shall be measuredaccording to EN 14649.9.2 Users ofAR glass fibers
28、 shall require that manufacturersof AR glass fiber show independent validation of performancein the SIC test.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 The roving, chopped strands, or textiles shall be freefrom oil, grease, and other contaminants. A roving packageshall be free from obvious damage a
29、nd shall not be deformedTABLE 1 Test RequirementsProperty Specification Value Method of TestZirconia content(ZrO2)16 % min X-ray fluorescenceADensity 2.68 0.3 g/cm3167.0 19 lb/ft3ASTM D3800Tensile Strength 1.01.7 Gpa145103246 103psiASTM D2256,ISO 3341,JISR 3420Range ofFilament Diameters830 m31 10-5-
30、11810-5in.ASTM D578,ISO 1888,JISR 3420Roving tex 10 % ofmanufacturers nominalASTM D1577,ISO 1889,JISR 3420Strand length 3 mm 0.118 in.of manufacturers nominalCaliperAverageof 20 measurementsEnd count 20 % ofmanufacturers nominalPhysical countLoss on ignition 3 % ASTM D4963,ISO 1887,JISR 3420Strength
31、 retention Minimum value after 961hin water at 80 1C 1762F$250 MPa 36 250 psifor water dispersible strands$350 MPa 50 750 psifor integral strandsEN 14649AAny party that is interested in doing this test should contact an AR glass fibermanufacturer before running it so as to avoid possible erroneous r
32、esults.C1666/C1666M 08 (2015)211. Inspection11.1 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order orcontract, the manufacturer is responsible for the performanceof all inspection and test requirements specified herein. Exceptas otherwise specified in the purchased order or contract, themanufacturer
33、may use his own or any other suitable facility forthe performance of the inspection and test requirements speci-fied herein unless disapproved by the purchaser. The purchasershall have the right to perform any of the inspections and testsset forth in this specification where such inspections aredeem
34、ed necessary to ensure that material conforms to pre-scribed requirements.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Rejection:12.1.1 If any test fails to conform to the requirements of thisspecification, it shall be cause for rejection of the materialrepresented by the test. Material that is found to be defec
35、tivesubsequent to its acceptance at the manufacturers works maybe rejected, and manufacturer notified.12.1.2 Rejection of fibers shall be reported to the manufac-turer promptly and in writing, stating the lot number from thebag or the box of the rejected fibers. Samples representingfibers rejected b
36、y the purchaser shall be preserved untildisposition of the claim has been agreed to between thesupplier and the purchaser.12.2 RehearingWhen any test fails to meet the require-ments of Table 1, a retest shall be allowed. This retest shall beperformed on twice the number of randomly selected speci-me
37、ns originally tested. The results of the retest shall meet therequirements of this specification or the lot shall be rejected.13. Certification13.1 Certificate of Compliance/AnalysisThe producer orsupplier shall furnish a certificate of compliance/analysis whenspecified in the purchase order or cont
38、ract. The certificate ofcompliance/analysis shall state that the product wasmanufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordancewith this specification (including year of issue) and any otherrequirements stated in the purchase order or contract, and thatit meets such requirements.13.2 Test Rep
39、ortsWhen specified in the purchase order orcontract, test reports shall be furnished to the purchasercontaining the results of all tests required by this specification(including year of issue), and any other requirements desig-nated in the purchase order or contract.13.3 A signature or notarization
40、is not required; however,the document shall clearly identify the organization submittingthe document. Notwithstanding the absence of a signature, theorganization submitting the document is responsible for itscontent.14. Packaging and Package Marking14.1 The product shall be packaged to provide adequ
41、ateprotection during normal handling and transportation. The typeof packaging and gross mass (weight) of containers shall,unless otherwise agreed upon, be at the manufacturers discre-tion provided that they are such as to ensure acceptance bycommon or other carriers for safe transportation at the lo
42、westrate to the delivery point.14.2 Each shipping container shall be clearly labeled andshow manufacturers name or trademark, product code, lotnumber or manufacturing code, and net mass (weight). At themanufacturers discretion other information may be given.15. Keywords15.1 AR glass fibers; GFRC; gl
43、ass fiber-reinforced con-crete; glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix; SIC test; zirconiaAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTS PERTINENT TO USERS OF ALKALI RESISTANT (AR) GLASS FIBERX1.1 The minimum zirconia content of 16 % was estab-lished by testing of a wide range of glass formulations
44、thatcontained several different contents of zirconia (1, 2).6Alsoseveral other compounds, such as TiO2, were also evaluatedand discounted as being inferior to zirconia in conferring alkaliresistance (1, 2).X1.2 Although glass fibers with a minimum content of 16 %zirconia content demonstrate good res
45、istance to alkali attack,some loss in flexural strength may occur in glass fiberreinforced concrete composites with high fiber content, in therange of 3 to 5 % (mass %). Composites with fiber contentsless than 3 % do not exhibit much change in flexural strengthwith time (3). The flexural strength re
46、duction always stabilizesafter a certain amount of time depending on exposure condi-tions and there is no further reduction (2). The reduction instrength of high fiber content glass fiber reinforced concrete(GFRC) is well documented and has been understood since theintroduction of GFRC in 1970 (2).
47、The Precast/PrestressedConcrete Institute (PCI) has developed a design procedure thattakes full account of any changes in strength and it isrecommended that those using GFRC should consult the PCImanual (4). The design procedure is incorporated in the GFRCsection in the International Building Code.
48、The use ofpozzolans, such as silica fume, metakaolin, Class C and F flyash, and pulverized borosilicate glass (usually referred to as Eglass), when incorporated in sufficient quantity can have6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.C1666/C1666M 0
49、8 (2015)3beneficial effects on long-term properties of GFRC (2).ARglass fiber manufacturers should be consulted about the use ofpozzolans in GFRC. Special cements and supplementary ce-menting materials (SCMs) that consume the free lime inPortland cement, such as calcium sulpho-aluminate cements,and slag have excellent long-term properties when reinforcedwith AR glass fibers (5).X1.3 AR Glass fiber strands are not single fibers but arebundles of very fine filaments. The good flexural strength thati
