1、Designation: C1688/C1688M 13C1688/C1688M 14Standard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1688/C1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers determining the density of freshly mixed pervious concrete under standar
3、dized conditions and givesformulas for calculating the void content of pervious concrete. Test results are not intended to represent the in-place density andvoid content.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachs
4、ystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
5、he responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin andtissue upon prolonged exposure.2
6、WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns toskin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)1.4 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables) shall not be con
7、sidered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absor
8、ption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC192/C192M Practice for Makin
9、g and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the LaboratoryC231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure MethodC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cemen
10、tsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1157/C1157M Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-l
11、bf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D6926 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.49 onPervious Concrete.Current edition approv
12、ed Feb. 1, 2013July 1, 2014. Published March 2013July 2014. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asC1688/C1688M12. DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-13. 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-14.2 Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book
13、of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM sta
14、ndard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cas
15、es only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3
16、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concrete, pervious, nhydraulic cement concrete with distributed, interconnected macroscopic voids that allow water topass through the material with
17、little resistance.C1688/C1688M 1423.3 Symbols:D = density (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3 lb ft3Ms = total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)Mc = mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg lbMm = mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical density of the concrete computed on an airfre
18、ebasis, kg/m3 lb ft3 (see Note 1)U = percentage of voids in the fresh pervious concrete, includingentrained and entrapped air voids in the cement paste.Vs = sum of the absolute volumes of the component ingredients inthe batch, m3 ft3Vm = volume of the measure, m3 ft3NOTE 1The theoretical density is
19、a laboratory determination, and is assumed to remain constant for all batches made using identical componentingredients and proportions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concrete is placed and consolidated in a standard measure. The concrete is consolidated usinga standard Proc
20、tor hammer. hammer (Procedure A) or a standard Marshall hammer (Procedure B). The density and void contentof the pervious concrete are calculated based on the measured mass of the consolidated concrete specimen, the volume of themeasure, and the total mass of materials batched.5. Significance and Us
21、e5.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the density and void content of freshly mixed pervious concrete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concrete mixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maximum size of25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.3 The measured fresh density
22、may be used as verification of mixture proportions.5.4 This method uses a standard consolidation procedure to measure fresh density and void content of a pervious concretemixture as delivered. Test results are not intended to represent the density and void content of the in-place pervious concrete.
23、Thismethod shall not be used to determine the in-place void content or yield of the pervious concrete.5.5 The fresh density and void content calculated from this test method may be different when comparing the results fromProcedure A with Procedure B. The operator shall only compare results using a
24、single procedure.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1 lb or to within 0.3 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any pointwithin the range of use. The range of use shall be considered to extend from the mass of the empty measure to the mass of themeasure filled with c
25、oncrete having an assumed density of 2600 kg/m3 160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor HammerA device used to compact a pervious concrete specimen for Procedure A that conforms to TestMethod D698.6.3 Marshall HammerA device used to compact a pervious concrete specimen for Procedure B that conforms to Pract
26、iceD6926 manual compaction hammer.6.4 MeasureAcylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal with a capacity of 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.25 6 0.02 ft3 anda diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height (See Note 2). The volume of the measure shall be determined as described inTest Method C29/C29
27、M. The top rim of the container shall be plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See Note 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked readily by cement paste. However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, as a resultof an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects the metal a
28、gainst further corrosion. The measuring bowl of an air meter conforming to TestMethod C231/C231M can meet the requirements for the measure.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. wire feeler gauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm 14-in.or thicker plate gl
29、ass laid over the top of the measure.6.5 Strike-Off PlateA flat rectangular metal plate at least 6 mm 14 in. thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm 12in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2 in. greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to be used.The edges
30、 of the plate shall be straight within a tolerance of 2 mm 116 in.6.6 ScoopOf a size large enough so each amount of pervious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representativeand small enough so that the concrete is not spilled during placement in the measure.7. Sampling7.1 For field p
31、lacements, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C172M.7.1.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordanc
32、e with Practice C192/C192M.C1688/C1688M 1437.2.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the sample.8. Procedure8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free from vibration. Moisten the inside of the measure before placing perviousconcrete. Remove any standing water from the bo
33、ttom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place the pervious concrete inthe measure in two layers of approximately equal thickness using the scoop described in 6.56.6. During filling of the measure,move the scoop around the perimeter of the opening to ensure an even distribution of the concret
34、e with minimal segregation. DropFor Procedure A, drop the hammer vertically 20 times per layer at the full 305 mm 12 in. drop height. For Procedure B, dropthe hammer vertically 10 times per layer at the full 457 mm 18 in. drop height. For each layer, distribute the position of the tamperso that the
35、entire surface area of the pervious concrete in the measure is consolidated equally. Before consolidating the final layer,fill the measure to overflowing. After completion of consolidation, the measure must contain about 3 mm 18 in. of excesspervious concrete protruding above the top of the measure.
36、 If after 10 half the number of specified hammer drops to the final layerit appears that there will be insufficient concrete, add a small quantity of concrete to correct the deficiency. If after 10 half thenumber of specified hammer drops to the final layer it appears that there will be too much con
37、crete in the measure, remove arepresentative portion of excess concrete with a trowel or scoop. Complete the consolidation of the final layer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top surface of the concrete and finish it flat with the strike-off plate so that theconcrete surface is leve
38、l with the top of the measure. Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike-off plate on the top surfaceof the measure to cover about two thirds of the surface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion to strike off the areaoriginally covered. Then place the plate on the top of the measure
39、to cover the same two thirds of the surface and advance it witha vertical pressure and a sawing motion to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue to advance plate until it slidescompletely off the measure. Several final sawing-motion strokes with the edge of the plate, which has been inclin
40、ed to the top ofthe measure, will produce a flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and WeighingAfter strike-off, clean excess concrete from the exterior of the measure and determine the massof the concrete and measure to an accuracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Unit
41、 Weight)Calculate the net mass of the concrete by subtracting the mass of the measure, Mm, from the massof the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate the density (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concrete by the volumeof the measure, Vm, as follows:D5Mc 2MmVm(1)9.2 Theoretical Densi
42、tyCalculate the theoretical density from the following equation:T5MsVs(2)The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of the cement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-drycondition, the coarse aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the water in the batch (incl
43、udes free water from theaggregate), and any other solid or liquid materials used. The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotient of the massof that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density (specific gravity) times the density of water (See Test MethodC29/C29M). For
44、the aggregate components, the relative density (specific gravity) shall be based on the saturated-surface-drycondition (as determined by Test Method C127 for coarse aggregate and Test Method C128 for fine aggregate). The relative density(specific gravity) for cements meeting Specifications C150/C150
45、M, C595/C595M, and C1157/C1157M and for slag cementmeeting Specification C989/C989M shall be determined by Test Method C188. It is permitted to use a value of 3.15 for portlandcements manufactured to meet the requirements of Specification C150/C150M. The relative density (specific gravity) of fly as
46、hshall be determined as directed in Test Method C311, and of silica fume as directed in Specification C1240NOTE 4The relative density (specific gravity) of portland cements, blended cements, and supplementary cementitious materials obtained by methodsrequired in 9.2 are commonly available from the s
47、upplier. .9.3 Void ContentCalculate the percentage of voids as follows:U5T2DT 3100 (3)10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Date, time, and name of individual molding specimens.10.1.2 Mixture identification and location of concrete represented by the sample.10.1.3 Volume of the dens
48、ity (unit weight) measure, to the nearest 0.01 L 0.001 ft3.C1688/C1688M 14410.1.4 Measured density (unit weight) of the concrete, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m3 0.1 lb/ft3.10.1.5 Theoretical density, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m3 0.1 lb/ft3.10.1.6 Void content, to the nearest 0.1 %.10.1.7 Procedure followed (A
49、 or B).11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability testing was performed by six laboratories using pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using localmaterials. Each laboratory prepared three batches and performed two replicate tests per batch. The range of density of freshpervious concrete was from 1750 to 2000 kg/m3 109 to 125 lb/ft3 (See Note 5).NOTE 5Round robin testing was performed using the following six consolidation methods:Proctor Hammer-2 equal layers, 20 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equ
