1、Designation: C1754/C1754M 12Standard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Hardened Pervious Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1754/C1754M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determiningthe density and void content of hardened pervious concretespeci
3、mens.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance wit
4、h thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
5、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC1542/C1542M Test Method for Measuring Length of Con-crete Cores3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of te
6、rms used in this test method, referto Terminology C125.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The dimensions of a specimen of hardened perviousconcrete are measured to determine its volume. The specimenis subsequently dried to constant mass and immersed in waterto determine the volume of solids in the specime
7、n. Void contentis calculated using the difference between the total volume andthe displaced volume when submerged.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is applicable to pervious concretemixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maxi-mum size of 25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.2 This test me
8、thod applies to either core specimens ormolded cylinders.5.3 Density and void content determined by other testmethods may produce different numerical results, which maynot be comparable.5.4 This test method allows one to choose one of twodifferent drying methods. The following should be consideredin
9、 selecting Drying Method A or B.5.4.1 Drying Method A uses a lower temperature to deter-mine the constant dry mass of the pervious specimen. Depend-ing on the initial condition of the pervious specimen, obtainingthe constant dry mass may take as long as one week or more.Drying Method B uses a much h
10、igher temperature and there-fore the constant dry mass is attained much more quickly.5.4.2 Specimens tested using Drying Method B shall not beused to determine other properties of the pervious concrete. Ifother physical properties such as strength or infiltration will bedetermined from the specimen,
11、 Drying Method A should beused for testing.5.4.3 Drying Method B may produce lower densities andcorrespondingly higher void contents than Drying Method A.Results from the two methods should be treated separately andnot combined.5.4.4 Repeat testing of the same specimen using DryingMethod A has been
12、shown to produce dissimilar results. Onlythe first set of results should be considered.NOTE 1It is believed that exposure to high temperatures, as used inDrying Method B, may alter the void structure of the pervious concretematrix by causing shrinkage cracks in the cement paste at the aggregateinter
13、face.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 0.5 g 0.001lb. The balance shall be equipped with suitable apparatus fordetermining the submerged mass of the test specimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direc
14、t responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.49 on Pervious Concrete.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. DOI: 10.1520/C1754_C1754M-122For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Jaw CaliperMinimum depth of jaw 65 mm 2.5 in.Measuring range 0 to 300 mm 0 to 12 in. Accuracy t
16、o 0.25mm 0.01 in.6.3 ThermometerOr temperature measuring device accu-rate to 0.5 C 1 F.6.4 Water BathWith dimensions large enough to allow aspecimen to soak and subsequently be placed into the sus-pended container below the balance without being removedfrom the water. The water bath must be construc
17、ted to maintaina constant water depth.6.5 OvenAn oven of sufficient size capable of maintain-ing a uniform temperature of 38 6 3 C 100 6 5 F forDrying Method A or 110 6 5 C 230 6 10 F for DryingMethod B.6.6 MalletA mallet (with a rubber or rawhide head)weighing approximately 0.6 6 0.2 kg 1.25 6 0.5
18、lb.6.7 Water-Cooled Diamond SawUsed to trim perviousconcrete cores.7. Test Specimens7.1 A test specimen shall consist of a cylindrical specimenof hardened pervious concrete nominally 100 mm 4 in. indiameter.7.1.1 Where applicable, core specimens shall be full-depth.If this results in cores longer th
19、an 300 mm 12 in., the coresshall be trimmed to approximately 300 mm 12 in. in length.7.2 A minimum of trimming shall be performed to producea specimen with regular surface area and shape with endsgenerally perpendicular to the long axis.7.2.1 Sampling of cores or trimming shall not be performeduntil
20、 the concrete is strong enough so the bond between mortarand the coarse aggregate is not disturbed.7.2.2 Brush the specimen lightly with a wire brush toremove any loose particles. Avoid excessive pressure thatwould dislodge weakly-bonded particles.8. Procedure8.1 Determine the dimensions of the test
21、 specimen.8.1.1 Determine the average length, L, of the specimenusing the jaw caliper and the procedure in Test MethodC1542/C1542M. Record the average length to the nearest 0.25mm 0.01 in.8.1.2 Determine the average diameter, D, to the nearest 0.25mm 0.01 in. by averaging two diameters measured at r
22、ightangles to each other about the midheight of the specimen usinga jaw caliper.8.2 Determine the constant dry mass of the specimen to thenearest 0.5 g 0.001 lb. Dry the specimen using one of the twofollowing methods:8.2.1 Drying Method ADry the specimen in an oven at atemperature of 38 6 3 C 100 6
23、5 F for 24 6 1 h. Removeand determine the mass. Return the specimen to the oven for 246 1 h and again determine the mass. Repeat this procedure in24-h increments until the difference between any two subse-quent mass determinations is less than 0.5 %. Record this drymass as A.8.2.2 Drying Method BDry
24、 the specimen in an oven at atemperature of 110 6 5 C 230 6 10 F for 24 6 1 h. Allowthe specimen to cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h, oruntil the specimen has cooled to a temperature that is comfort-able to handle (approximately 50 C), and determine the mass.Return the specimen to the ov
25、en for two hours, and againdetermine the mass after the cooling period. Repeat thisprocedure in two hour increments until the difference betweenany two subsequent mass determinations is less than 0.5 %.Record this dry mass as A.8.3 Submerge the specimen completely in the water bathand allow it to si
26、t upright for 30 6 5 min. Keeping thespecimen underwater, tap the side of the specimen 10 timeswith the rubber mallet, fully submerging the mallet below thewater (see Note 2). Rotate the specimen slightly after each tapso that taps are equally spaced around the circumference of thespecimen. Still ke
27、eping the specimen submerged, invert it anddetermine the submerged mass, B, to the nearest 0.5 g 0.001lb.NOTE 2The purpose of tapping the specimen is to promote the releaseof trapped air bubbles inside the pervious concrete.3Avoid tapping nearthe edges to prevent breakage and loss of material from t
28、he specimen. Ifthis occurs, ensure that all particles are included in the subsequent massmeasurements.8.4 Measure the temperature of the water in the water bathused in the determination of the submerged mass of thespecimen.9. Calculations9.1 Density:9.1.1 Calculate the Density of the specimen as fol
29、lows:Density 5K 3 AD23 L(1)where:A = dry mass of the specimen, g lb,D = average diameter of the specimen, mm in.,L = average length of the specimen, mm in., andK = 1 273 240 in SI units or 2 200 in inch-pound units.NOTE 3The factor K has units of (mm3kg)/(m3g) in.3/ft3 and isneeded to convert the re
30、corded data (A, D, and L) to the density inkg/m3lb/ft3.9.2 Void Content:9.2.1 Determine the density of water, rw, at the temperaturedetermined in 8.4 by interpolation of the values given in TestMethod C29/C29M or other water density table.9.2.2 Calculate the void content of the specimen as follows:V
31、oid Content 5F1SK 3 A B!rw3 D23 LDG3 100 (2)where:B = submerged mass of the specimen, g lb, andrw= density of water at temperature of the water bath,kg/m3lb/ft3.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Origin and nature of the test specimen.3See Montes, F., Valavala, S., and L.M. Hasel
32、bach, “A New Test Method forPorosity Measurements of Portland Cement Pervious Concrete,” Journal of ASTMInternational, January 2005, Vol. 2, No. 1.C1754/C1754M 12210.1.2 Average diameter of the test specimen to the nearest0.25 mm 0.01 in.10.1.3 Length of the test specimen to the nearest 0.25 mm0.01
33、in.10.1.4 Method used for drying.10.1.5 Density to the nearest 1 kg/m30.1 lb/ft3.10.1.6 Void Content to the nearest 0.1 %.10.1.7 Age of specimen when tested.10.1.8 Deviations from the test method.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability testing was performed on six core speci-mens from each of three
34、 trial placements.11.1.1 DensityThe single-operator coefficient of variationfor density of pervious concrete using Drying Method A hasbeen found to be 1.82 %. The single-operator coefficient ofvariation for density of pervious concrete using Drying MethodB has been found to be 1.76 %.NOTE 4The densi
35、ty of the specimens ranged from 1650 kg/m3103.0lb/ft3 to 1943 kg/m3121.3 lb/ft3.11.1.2 Void ContentThe single-operator coefficient ofvariation for void content of pervious concrete using DryingMethod A has been found to be 5.82 %. The single-operatorcoefficient of variation for void content of pervi
36、ous concreteusing Drying Method B has been found to be 5.46 %.NOTE 5The void content of the specimens ranged from 22.6 % to37.0 %.11.2 The multi-laboratory coefficient of variation data hasnot been developed. This is being determined and will beavailable on or before July 2016.11.3 This test method
37、has no bias because the density andvoid content of hardened pervious concrete is defined only interms of this method.12. Keywords12.1 density; hardened density; pervious concrete; voidcontentASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with
38、 any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible techni
39、cal committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideratio
40、n at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
41、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1754/C1754M 123
