1、Designation: C1770 13Standard Test Method forDetermination of Loose and Tapped Bulk Density ofPlutonium Oxide1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1770; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method specifies a method for the determina-tion of loose and tapped bulk density of plutonium oxidepowder.1.2
3、 This test method is applicable when limited quantities ofpowder are available for performance of the measurements.Alternative test methods, such as Test Methods B527 orD7481, may be used when sufficient quantities are available.1.3 This test method contains notes that are explanatory andare not par
4、t of the mandatory requirements of the method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
5、of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specifichazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B527 Test Method for Determination
6、of Tap Density ofMetallic Powders and CompoundsC859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsD3766 Terminology Relating to Catalysts and CatalysisD6393 Test Method for Bulk Solids Characterization byCarr IndicesD7481 Test Methods for Determining Loose and TappedBulk Densities of Powders using a Grad
7、uated CylinderE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-ders3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method but notdefined herein, refer to Terminologies C859 and E135.3.2 Defin
8、itions:3.2.1 bulk density, nratio of the mass of a collection ofdiscrete pieces of solid material to the sum of the volumes of:the solids in each piece, the voids within the pieces, and thevoids among the pieces of the particular collection. D37663.2.2 loose bulk density, nbulk density that results
9、frompouring the powder into a heap or container in the absence ofany applied compression. D74813.2.3 tapped bulk density, nbulk density resulting from theapplication of compression, for example, impact or vibration.D74814. Summary of Test Method4.1 Loose bulk density is determined by measuring thevo
10、lume of a known mass of plutonium oxide powder pouredinto a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 10, 25, 50, or 100cm3. The cylinder size should be selected based on the amountof plutonium oxide powder available for the test.4.2 The cylinder is then mechanically tapped at a droppingheight of 3 mm f
11、or 2 min at 250 taps per minute, and theresulting volume is then measured. This process is repeated forcycles of 2 min until the difference in tapped volumes is lessthan 2 %.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for determination of bulkloose or tapped density or both for plutonium
12、 oxide or similarmetallic powders or compounds in the nuclear industry. It isintended for use when the quantity of available material forperforming the measurements is limited because of reasonssuch as nuclear safety or laboratory scale limits on nuclearinventory.5.2 Values of loose bulk density obt
13、ained using this testmethod should be used with caution since they can varyconsiderably depending on the initial state of dispersion of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods ofTest.
14、Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published February 2013. DOI: 10.1520/C1770-132For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1test specimen, height-to-diameter ratio of the specimen in thegraduated cylinder, the dryness of the powder, and otherfactors.5.3 The data from the tapped bulk de
16、nsity test can be usedto estimate the needed volume of small containers holding afixed mass of powder that has been compacted.5.4 This test method may be useful for the determination ofthe Carr Compressibility Index as described in Test MethodD6393.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance, analytical, 0.1-mg sensiti
17、vity.6.2 Graduated glass cylinder, with a capacity of 10, 25, 50,or 100 cm3, Class A, meeting the requirements of SpecificationE1272.6.3 Tapping Apparatus, with the following features (seeFig. 1).6.3.1 The apparatus permits the tapping of the graduatedcylinder against a firm base.6.3.2 The apparatus
18、 shall be capable of a tapping rate of 250+ 15 taps per minute.6.3.3 The minimum stroke or dropping height shall be 3mm.6.3.4 The apparatus shall have an adjustable counter thatcan be pre-set to deliver between 1 and 9999 taps.7. Procedure7.1 Ensure that the balance is set on a sturdy surface,levele
19、d, and zeroed.7.2 Ensure that the graduated glass cylinder is dry and cleanof any and all foreign material before starting each test.7.3 Determine and record the mass of the graduated cylinderto the nearest 0.1 mg.7.4 Transfer the powder to the graduated cylinder as fol-lows:7.4.1 Using a powder fun
20、nel, quantitatively pour the sampleinto the graduated cylinder.7.4.2 Ensure that the volume of the loose bulk powder is atleast 40 % of the volume of the cylinder (for example, whenusing a 10-cm3cylinder, the minimum volume is 4.0 cm3.)NOTE 1These volumes are necessary to determine whether thediffer
21、ence in tapped volumes is less than 2 % (see 7.8).7.4.3 Avoid attempting to level the surface since plutoniumoxide powder will self-compress yielding an artificially highloose bulk density.7.5 Record the loose bulk powder volume, VL. If the surfaceis level, read the volume directly. If the surface i
22、s not level,determine the volume by calculating the mean value betweenthe highest and the lowest reading of the surface. Record thevolume to the nearest 0.1 cm3when using a 10-cm3cylinder,the nearest 0.2 cm3when using a 25-cm3cylinder, or thenearest 0.5 cm3when using a 50-or 100-cm3cylinder.7.6 Plac
23、e the graduated cylinder containing the sample ontothe balance. Determine and record the mass to the nearest 0.1mg.7.7 Load the graduated cylinder containing the sample intothe tapping apparatus. Tap the cylinder as described in either7.8 or 7.9:7.8 Tapping procedure for processes not well character
24、ized:7.8.1 Tap the cylinder for 2 min at 250 taps per minute fora total of 500 taps.7.8.2 Read and record the tapped bulk powder volume, VT,directly to the nearest 0.l cm3when using a 10-cm3cylinder,the nearest 0.2 cm3when using a 25-cm3cylinder, or thenearest 0.5 cm3when using a 50-cm3or 100-cm3cyl
25、inder.7.8.3 Tap the cylinder for an additional 2 min at 250 taps perminute.7.8.4 Read and record the volume, VT.7.8.5 If the difference between the two tapped volumes in7.8.2 and 7.8.4is less than 2 %, use the smaller of the twomeasurements in 7.8.2 and 7.8.4 for the tapped volume.Otherwise, repeat
26、7.8.3 and 7.8.4 until the difference betweensucceeding measurements is less than 2 %.7.9 Tapping Procedure for Well-Characterized Processes:FIG. 1 Example of Tapping Apparatus(Adapted from Test Method B527)C1770 1327.9.1 Tap the cylinder for a minimum of 1000 taps.7.9.2 Read and record the tapped bu
27、lk powder volume, VT,directly to the nearest 0.l cm3when using a 10-cm3cylinder,the nearest 0.2 cm3when using a 25-cm3cylinder, or thenearest 0.5 cm3when using a 50- or 100-cm3cylinder.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the loose bulk density using Eq 1:L5 (M(C1S)2 MC)VL(1)Where:L= loose bulk density, g/cm
28、3;M(C+S)= mass of cylinder plus sample, g;MC= mass of cylinder, g; andVL= volume of loose bulk powder, cm3.8.2 Calculate the tapped bulk density using Eq 2:T5 (M(C1S)2 MC)VT(2)Where:T= tapped bulk density, g/cm3;M(C+S)= mass of cylinder plus sample, g;MC= mass of cylinder, g; andVT= volume of tapped
29、 bulk powder, cm3.NOTE 2The difference between M(C+S)and MCis the mass of thepowder sample.9. Test Data Sheet9.1 General InformationRecord as a minimum the follow-ing:9.1.1 Requesting agency or client,9.1.2 Analyst, and9.1.3 Date.9.2 Test Specimen InformationRecord as a minimum thefollowing:9.2.1 Un
30、ique sample identification and9.2.2 Sample description.9.3 Test ResultsRecord as a minimum the following:9.3.1 Volume of graduated cylinder;9.3.2 Mass of empty graduated glass cylinder, MC;9.3.3 Mass of cylinder plus sample, M(C+S);9.3.4 Volume of loose bulk powder, VL;9.3.5 Calculated loose bulk de
31、nsity, L;9.3.6 Number of taps and corresponding values of tappedbulk powder volume, VT, for each cycle of tapping performed;9.3.7 Calculated tapped bulk density, T; and9.3.8 Identification for tapping apparatus used.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision and bias data were not available at the timeof
32、publication of this test method.An interlaboratory study willbe conducted within five years of the publication of thisstandard, following which a revised version of this standardwill be published containing precision and bias data. Thoseinterested in participating in the study should contact thecomm
33、ittee having jurisdiction for this standard.11. Keywords11.1 apparent density; nuclear materials; packed density;powder metallurgyASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard a
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