1、Designation: C179 14Standard Test Method forDrying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic andRamming Mix Specimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dryingshrinkage and of the combined drying and linear chang
3、e ofrefractory ramming mixes and plastics.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to addre
4、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C113 Test Metho
5、d for Reheat Change of Refractory BrickC134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Refractory PlasticsC1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand R
6、amming Mix SpecimensE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating orranking both ramming and refra
7、ctory plastics by their linearstability after heating.3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whethera ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specifiedapplication based on linear change criteria.3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearingmaterials.3.4 This test method
8、can produce data for the engineeringand design of refractory installations. The linear change datacan be used to determine the number of joints necessary tomaintain integrity of ramming or refractory plastic in a largeinstallation.4. Apparatus4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the f
9、lame,as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon thetest specimens.4.2 Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in.(0.5-mm).Ahooked rule, 12 in. (305 mm), is convenient to useand a suitable type is described in Test Methods C134. Othermeasuring devices, such as calipers or dial ga
10、ges, of the sameor better precision may also be used.5. Test Specimens5.1 Number of SpecimensA minimum of six specimensmolded from the sample (see Note 1) of refractory plastic willbe required. Half of the specimens shall be used for the test andthe other half used as supporting pieces during the ki
11、ln heattreatment.NOTE 1For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C1054.5.2 Measurement of SpecimensUsing the measuringdevice, measure the bar for all dimensions to the nearest0.02-in. (0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicatethe exact length measurement points. Caution should be
12、takenas deformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.5.3 Drying of SpecimensDry specimens should be dried asstated in Practice C1054, 6.6.5.4 Measuring Dried SpecimensMeasure specimens asstated in 5.2.6. Procedure6.1 Placing Specimens in KilnPlace the dried specimensin the kiln in accordan
13、ce with Test Method C113, with the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-ics.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition
14、 approved in 2011 as C179 11. DOI:10.1520/C0179-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright
15、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1exception that the supporting brick shall consist of the threerefractory plastic brick prepared for that purpose.6.2 Temperature MeasurementsConduct temperaturemeasurements in accordance with Test
16、 Method C113.6.3 Test AtmosphereAt all temperatures above 1470F(800C), operate the kiln so that the atmosphere shall containa minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles.6.4 Test Temperature ScheduleOperate the kiln so as toconform to the appropriate heating schedule for the class ofrefractory bei
17、ng tested, as specified in Table 1 of Test MethodC113.6.5 Measuring Fired SpecimensAfter completion of theheating schedule, cool the specimens in the closed kiln to under800F (425C) before removing to the air. After cooling toroom temperature, remeasure them in accordance with 5.2.Record the fired l
18、ength of each of the three test specimens.7. Calculation and Report7.1 Drying Linear ChangeCalculate the drying linearchange as a percentage based on the original length of thespecimen as measured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 1:DLC 5 LD2 LO!/LO! 3100 (1)where:DLC = Drying Linear Change, %LD= dried len
19、gth, in. (mm)LO= original length, in. (mm)A negative value indicates shrinkage and a positive value,growth or expansion of the specimen. Report the average valuefor the three specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.7.2 Combined Linear Change Due to Drying and FiringCalculate the combined drying and firing li
20、near change as apercentage based on the original length of the specimen asmeasured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 2:FLC 5 LF2 LO!/LO! 3100 (2)where:FLC = Combined Drying and Firing Linear Change, %LF= fired length, in. (mm)LO= original length, in. (mm)A negative value indicates shrinkage and a positive
21、value,growth or expansion of the specimen. Report the average valuefor the three specimens to the nearest 0.1 %.7.3 The report shall include the following:7.3.1 Workability of the refractory plastic determined inaccordance with Test Method C181.7.3.2 Firing temperature used or heating schedule fromT
22、able 1 of Test Method C113.8. Precision and Bias8.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study conducted in 2012. A total of fivelaboratories participated in this study in an effort to determinethe intralaboratory and interlaboratory precision of this testmethod. Laborator
23、ies were asked to report three test results permaterial, and each test result was defined as a single analyticaldetermination. Practice E691 was followed for the design andanalysis of the data, except for the limited number of labora-tories submitting results. All details are given in RR:C08-1024.3T
24、wo of the five laboratories had test results higher thanthe critical h and critical k values indicating some type of issueoccurred, but the subcommittee decided to include theselaboratory results anyway due to the limited number oflaboratories already involved in the study.8.1.1 Repeatability, rThe
25、difference between repetitiveresults obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory,applying the same test method with the same apparatus underconstant operating conditions on identical test material withinshort intervals of time would in the long run, in the normal andcorrect operation of the
26、test method, exceed the followingvalues only in 1 case in 20.8.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as the maximumdifference between two results, obtained under repeatabilityconditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.8.1.1.2
27、Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 1-3.8.1.2 Reproducibility, RThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators apply-ing the same test method in different laboratories, usingdifferent apparatus on identical test material would, in the longrun, in the n
28、ormal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20.8.1.2.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as the maximumdifference between two results, obtained under reproducibilityconditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correc
29、t operation of the test method.8.1.2.2 Reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 1-3.8.1.3 The terms repeatability limit and reproducibility limitare used as specified in Practice E177.8.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with 8.1.1 and 8.1.2would normally have an approximate 95 % probability of being
30、3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C08-1024. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Linear Change (Green to Dry), %MaterialAverage LinearChange, %A, XbarRepeatabilityStandardDeviation, srReproducibil
31、ityStandardDeviation, sRRepeatabilityLimit, rReproducibilityLimit, RAir Bond (A) 1.0727 0.0963 0.1235 0.2697 0.3457Phos Plastic (B) 0.4573 0.1684 0.3734 0.4716 1.0456High Workable Phos Plastic (C) 0.8840 0.0884 0.2546 0.2474 0.7128AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.C179 142correct;
32、 however, the precision statistics obtained in thisinterlaboratory study (ILS) must not be treated as exactmathematical quantities that are applicable to all circumstancesand uses. The limited number of laboratories reporting resultsguarantees that there will be times when differences greaterthan pr
33、edicted by the ILS results will arise, sometimes withconsiderably greater or smaller frequency than the 95 %probability limit would imply. Consider the repeatability limitand the reproducibility limit as general guides, and the asso-ciated probability of 95 % as only a rough indicator of what canbe
34、expected.8.2 BiasThere was no accepted reference material at thetime of this study suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias can be made.8.3 This precision statement was determined through statis-tical examination of 135 results, from a total of fivelabora
35、tories, on three different materials.9. Keywords9.1 linear change; plastic; ramming mix; refractory; shrink-ageASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advise
36、d that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either re
37、approved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If y
38、ou feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individua
39、l reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from
40、the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 2 Linear Change (Dry to Fired), %MaterialAverage LinearChange, %A, XbarRepeatabilityStandardDeviation, srReproducibilityStandardDeviation, sRRepeatabilityLimit, rReproducibilityLimit, RAir Bond (A) 0.18
41、67 0.0532 0.2590 0.1490 0.7252Phos Plastic (B) 0.0947 0.1473 0.3320 0.4125 0.9296High Workable Phos Plastic (C) 0.0600 0.0463 0.2600 0.1295 0.7281AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.TABLE 3 Linear Change (Green to Fired), %MaterialAverage LinearChange, %A, XbarRepeatabilityStandardD
42、eviation, srReproducibilityStandardDeviation, sRRepeatabilityLimit, rReproducibilityLimit, RAir Bond (A) 1.2593 0.1052 0.2453 0.2945 0.6867Phos Plastic (B) 0.5520 0.1020 0.5504 0.2855 1.5410High Workable Phos Plastic (C) 0.9440 0.0809 0.0985 0.2264 0.2759AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.C179 143
