1、Designation: C1818 15C1818 18Standard Specification forSynthetic Fiber Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain,and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This specification covers synthetic fiber reinforced concrete pipe (Syn-FRCP) of internal diamet
3、ers 12-48 in., intended tobe used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill,
4、the care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at the constructionsite. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and the strength designation ofpipe, or du
5、rability under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in the project specification.NOTE 2This product is a rigid pipe and it does not depend upon deflection (pipe stiffness) for additional support from the soil.NOTE 3This standard requires long-term testing of Syn-FR
6、CP in accordance with Section 9 that goes above and beyond what is typically requiredfor steel reinforced concrete pipe, in order to evaluate the long-term material strength of the fiber-concrete matrix.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given i
7、n parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Deve
8、lopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specificati
9、on for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC6
10、18 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flo
11、wing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteD7508/D7508M Specification for Polyolefin Chopped Strands for Use in ConcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe not defined in this sta
12、ndard, see Terminology C822.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 DReloadthe DService load divided by the long-term serviceability factor as determined in accordance with Section 9.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C1
13、3.02 on Reinforced Sewer andCulvert Pipe.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2015Oct. 1, 2018. Published December 2015October 2018. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asC1765-17. DOI: 10.1520/C1818-15.10.1520/C1818-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM websi
14、te, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
15、 of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be conside
16、red the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 DServicethe D-Load the pipe is required to sustain while in service.3.2.3 DUltthe load th
17、e pipe is required to support in the three-edge bearing test expressed as a D-load.3.2.4 long-term serviceability factor to account for possible creep in the pipe over time (unitless).4. Classification4.1 Pipe furnished under this specification shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The
18、corresponding strengthrequirements are prescribed in Table 1. Special designs for pipe strengths not designated in Table 1 are permitted provided all otherrequirements of this specification are met.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be in accordance with Section 10.
19、5.2 Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or before placing an order, the pipe shall be accepted on the basis of Sections11, 12, and such material tests as are required in 7.2, 7.3, and 7.5.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirem
20、ents of thisspecification.6. Design and Manufacturing Data6.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:6.1.1 Pipe design strength (DService).6.1.2 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details.6.1.3 Sy
21、nthetic Fiber Concrete Compressive StrengthMinimum synthetic fiber concrete compressive strength equal to 4,000psi.6.1.4 Admixtures.6.1.5 Reinforcement:6.1.5.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcement specification, and grade.6.1.5.2 Amount of fiber used in pounds per cubic yard.6.1.6 Manufac
22、turing and curing process.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Materials:7.1.1 Synthetic Fiber Reinforced ConcreteThe synthetic fiber reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials,mineral aggregates, admixtures, and water, in which synthetic fibers have been mixed in such a manner that the
23、fibers and concreteact together to resist stresses.7.2 Cementitious Materials:7.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of Specificatio
24、n C595/C595M,except that the pozzolan constituent in the portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.7.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Class F or Class C of Specification C618.7.2.3 Slag CementslagSlag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specificatio
25、n C989/C989M.7.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the cement shallbe one of the following:7.2.4.1 Portland cement only,7.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,7.2.4.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,7.2.4.4 A combination of por
26、tland cement and fly ash,7.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and slag cement,7.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement, slag cement, and fly ash,7.2.4.7 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and slag cement, andTABLE 1 Strength RequirementsPipe Class DService(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)
27、DUlt(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)DReload(lb/linear foot/foot of diameter)I 800 1200 DService/where: = long-term serviceability factor asdetermined per Section 9 of thisstandardII 1000 1500III 1350 2025IV 2000 3000V 3000 4500C1818 1827.2.4.8 A combination of portland blast-furnace slag cement and
28、 fly ash,7.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.7.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends are allowable:7.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;7.4.2 Chemical
29、 admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;7.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and7.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.7.5 Synthetic Fiber ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of synthetic fibers confo
30、rming to Specifications C1116/C1116M and D7508/D7508M.7.6 Manufacture:7.6.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials,synthetic fibers, admixtures, and water as will produce a thoroughly mixed synthetic fiber concrete of suc
31、h quality that the pipewill conform to the test and design requirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials rationot exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 7.2.7.6.2 CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of the methods o
32、f curing described in 7.6.2.1 to 7.6.2.4 or to any other methodor combination of methods approved by the owner, that will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for a sufficient lengthof time so that the specified D-load is obtained when tested in accordance with 11.1 to 11.4, and so tha
33、t the concrete will developthe specified compressive strength at the time of delivery when tested in accordance with 11.8 to 11.10.7.6.2.1 Steam CuringPipe may be placed in a curing chamber, free of outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmospheremaintained by the injection of steam for such time and
34、 such temperature as may be needed to enable the pipe to meet the strengthrequirements. The curing chamber shall be so constructed as to allow full circulation of steam around the entire pipe.7.6.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe may be water-cured by covering with water saturated material or by a syste
35、m of perforatedpipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by any other approved method that will keep the pipe moist during the specifiedcuring period.7.6.2.3 The manufacturer may, at his option, combine the methods described in 7.6.2.1 to 7.6.2.4 provided the required concretecompressive strengt
36、h is obtained.7.6.2.4 Asealing membrane conforming to the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied and should be left intact untilthe required strength requirements are met. The concrete at the time of application shall be within 10F of the atmospherictemperature. All surfaces shall be kept
37、 moist prior to the application of the compounds and shall be damp when the compound isapplied.7.6.3 ReinforcementSynthetic reinforcing fibers shall be thoroughly mixed throughout the concrete amalgam. No restrictionis placed on the combination or proportion of synthetic fibers in the finished produ
38、ct, except that pipes manufactured using thesematerials and mixture shall comply with the performance requirements of this standard.7.6.4 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections arelaid together they will make a continuous
39、line of pipe with a smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flow line, allcompatible with the permissible variations given in Section 12.8. Pipe Design8.1 DesignThe wall thickness, compressive strength of the concrete, and amount of synthetic fibers in pounds per cubic yardshall be
40、 sufficient to pass the DUlt and DReload requirements in Table 1.8.2 Special Classes:8.2.1 If permitted by the owner, the manufacturer may request approval by the owner of a special class of pipe having DServicevalues that differ from those shown in Table 1.8.2.2 Such special classes of pipe shall b
41、e based on the same design/testing requirements as required for those classes foundin Table 1.9. Synthetic Fiber-Concrete Matrix Qualification Testing9.1 The long-term serviceability factor , pertaining to the extrapolated 100 year strength of the concrete-fiber matrix, shall beestablished in accord
42、ance with 9.7.9.2 When tested in accordance with 9.7, the average long-term serviceability factor shall be 0.9 or higher, with no single testvalue less than 0.8.9.3 The long-term serviceability testing shall be performed by an independent third-party laboratory.9.4 The testing shall be performed on
43、a pipe with a minimum internal diameter of 24 in., with a wall thickness in inches equalto or greater than ID/12 +1, where ID is the internal diameter measured in inches.C1818 183NOTE 4Research has been performed on pipe sizes of 24, 36, and 48 in., with different pipe classes and has shown consiste
44、nt results for regardlessof pipe size or class.9.5 The sustained load for long-term serviceability testing shall be DService.9.6 The resulting long-term serviceability factor , shall be appropriate for all pipe sizes and strengths manufactured with thesame concrete mix and fibers utilized in the tes
45、ting.9.7 Fiber-Concrete Qualification Testing:9.7.1 The standard testing temperature shall be 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C).9.7.2 Pipe shall be tested in the three-edge bearing test load to its ultimate strength in accordance with Test Method C497without collapse of the pipe.9.7.3 The three-edge bearing loa
46、d shall be completely removed from the pipe.9.7.4 The pipe shall then be reloaded to a minimum D-load of DService in a loading frame capable of applying and maintaininga three-edge bearing load perpendicular to the pipe axis throughout the test period, despite any change in the vertical diameter oft
47、he test specimen. The system shall be capable of applying and maintaining the load to 62 % of the test load.9.7.5 Load Application SystemsThe test loads may be applied by hydraulic means or by springs or may be applied by the useof dead weights.9.7.5.1 Hydraulic LoadingThe use of a hydraulic loading
48、 system allows several specimens to be loaded simultaneouslythrough a central hydraulic pressure regulating unit. Such a unit typically consists of an accumulator, a regulator, a calibratedpressure gauge, and a source of high-pressure, such as a cylinder of nitrogen or a high-pressure pump system.9.
49、7.5.2 Dead Weight LoadingThe apparatus consists of a rigid beam placed parallel to the floor, a rigid work-arm to introducethe load with a ring on one end to attach weights, a rigid beam parallel to the floor, rigid support beams, and a drop protectionfor the weights.9.7.6 The initial vertical dimension of the pipe shall be measured immediately upon applying the load. The device used fortaking measurements shall have an accuracy of 60.002 in.9.7.7 Subsequent measurements of the vertical dimension of the pipe shall be recorded at the incre
