1、Designation: C 182 88 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forThermal Conductivity of Insulating Firebrick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 182; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201, andshall be used in conjunction with that test method to determinethe the
3、rmal conductivity of insulating firebrick.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are providedfor information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is ther
4、esponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 155 Classification of Insulating FirebrickC 201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity o
5、f Refracto-riesE 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-parison Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) isa property required for the selection of IFB for a specificthermal performance. Users select brick to provide a specifiedheat-loss
6、 and cold-face temperature without exceeding thetemperature limitation of the brick. This test method estab-lishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of testsamples in the calorimeter. This test method must be used withTest Method C 201.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall consist of that
7、 described in theApparatus section of Test Method C 201 with the addition ofthermocouples, drilling jig, and refractory fiber paper asdescribed in Sections 6 and 7.5. Test Sample5.1 The test sample shall be selected and prepared asdescribed in the Test Sample and Preparation section of TestMethod C
8、201.6. Installation of Thermocouples in Test Specimen6.1 ThermocouplesCalibrated3thermocouples shall beembedded in the test specimen at three points for measuring thetemperature. Chromel-Alumel thermocouples shall be used fortemperatures below 1400F (760C), and above that tempera-ture platinum-10 %
9、rhodium/platinum thermocouples shall beused. The platinum thermocouples may also be used at thelower temperatures, but the electromotive force (emf) will notbe as high as when using base-metal thermocouples. Wire ofAWG 28 (0.320 mm) shall be used for making either type ofthermocouple.6.2 Installatio
10、n of Thermocouples Holes for the thermo-couple wires shall be drilled through the 412-in. (114-mm)dimension of the test specimen by the use of a drilling jig so asto obtain accurate placement of the thermocouples. The threethermocouples shall be located so that the hot junction of thefirst couple is
11、 0.20 in. (5.1 mm) below the hot face of the testspecimen, the junction of the second at the midpoint, and thejunction of the third 0.20 in. above the cold face. Thethermocouple wires leading out from the hot junctions shall belocated in planes parallel to the calorimeter surface. In order tohave th
12、e hot junctions over the center of the calorimeter, theyshall be located on an axis passing through the center of and atright angles to the 9 by 412-in. (228 by 114-mm) area of the testspecimen.NOTE 1Insulating firebrick that cannot be prepared to this precisionbecause of the structure of the produc
13、t, should be prepared in accordancewith the instructions for fireclay dense refractories.7. Set-Up of Test Sample and Silicon Carbide Slab7.1 Two strips of refractory fiber paper 1312 by12 by 0.02in. (343 by 13 by 0.5 mm) shall be placed along the 1312-in.dimension of the inner guard at the outside
14、edges, as shown inFig. 1. Twelve strips of refractory fiber paper 2 by12 by 0.02in. (51 by 13 by 0.5 mm) shall be placed on the outer guard atintervals in the pattern shown in Fig. 1. These strips serve as1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the dir
15、ect responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalStress Resistance.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition C 182 88 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
16、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
17、959, United States.spacers to prevent contact between the test material and thecalorimeter assembly. The test specimen shall be placedcentrally over the center of the calorimeter section on its 9 by412-in. (228 by 114-mm) face, the guard brick placed at thesides of the test specimen so as to complet
18、ely cover thecalorimeter and inner guard area, and the soap brick placedaround the edge of the three brick so as to completely cover thecalorimeter assembly. The small space between the furnacewalls and the test brick assembly shall be filled with agranulated insulating firebrick.7.2 When testing Gr
19、oup 28, 30, 32, or 33 insulating fire-brick, it may be desirable to obtain test results at higher meantemperatures than is possible with the sample set-up describedin 7.1. This can be accomplished by placing a 0.5-in. (13-mm)thick layer of ceramic fiber-block insulation or 0.5 in. of Group20 insulat
20、ing firebrick between the calorimeter area and the testsample. Sufficient material is required to cover an area 18 by1312 in. (456 by 342 mm). The solid sheet of back-upinsulation shall be ground so as to provide surfaces that areplane and do not vary from parallel by more than 60.01 in.(0.3 mm). Th
21、is shall be placed on the refractory fiber stripsdescribed in 7.1. Additional refractory fiber strips, in anidentical pattern, shall be placed on top of the ceramic fiberboard. The test specimen and guard brick shall then be placedas described in 7.1.7.3 The silicon carbide slab shall be placed over
22、 the 9 by1312-in. (228 by 342-mm) area of the three 9-in. sample brick,and it shall be spaced 1 in. (25 mm) above the sample byplacing under each corner of the slab rectangular pieces ofGroup 30 or 32 (see Classification C 155) insulating firebrickcut to measure38 in. (10 mm) square and 1.00 in. (25
23、.4 mm)in length.8. Procedure8.1 Place the heating chamber in position, start the waterflowing through the calorimeter assembly, and supply thecurrent to the heating unit. Above a temperature of 1470F(800C), the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of0.5 % oxygen with zero % combustibles. Take
24、the atmospheresample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near thetest specimen as possible. Maintain the rate of water flowthrough the calorimeter between 120 and 200 g/min, anddetermine by weighing the quantity of water collected during ameasured time period. The mass of water collected
25、shall be notless than 200 g and shall be weighed to an accuracy of 60.5 g.The rate of flow shall be constant within6 1 % during the testperiod.8.2 Allow the furnace to reach a condition of steady state ofheat flow (test period), which shall be that condition when themeasured flow of heat into the ca
26、lorimeter varies less than 2 %over a 2-h period, during which time the temperature differencebetween the calorimeter and inner guard has not been morethan 0.05F (0.03C), the hot face of the test specimen has notvaried more than 65F (63C), and the temperature of thewater entering the calorimeter has
27、not varied at a rate of morethan 1F (0.5C)/h (Note 2). Usually, 12 h or more are neededto obtain a balance with the apparatus after a definite change ismade in the hot-face temperature.NOTE 2Significant errors will result if the tolerances specified areexceeded.8.3 After the steady state of heat flo
28、w has been reached,measure the temperature of the test specimen, the rate of waterflow through the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of thewater flowing through the calorimeter. Take at least four sets ofreadings (Note 3) at approximately 30-min intervals during the2-h holding period, and averag
29、e these for the final values forthat particular heating chamber temperature. Obtain such datawhen the heating chamber is maintained at the temperaturesrecommended in Table 1. Temperatures other than those givenin the table may be used to obtain additional information.NOTE 3From these data a prelimin
30、ary thermal conductivity calcula-tion may be made, using estimated distances between thermocouplejunctions in the test specimen.8.4 At the conclusion of the test, remove the specimen andcut it in two, close to the thermocouple junctions. Then grindthe specimen to expose the hot junctions, and measur
31、e thedistance between their center lines to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3mm). If upon being cut in two the test specimen showsabnormal internal voids or cracks, state this fact in the report,as the results will not be representative of the material.9. Record of Test Data, Calculations, and Report9.1 The
32、 record of test data, the calculations, and the reportshall be made in accordance with the Record of Test Data,Calculation, and Report sections of Test Method C 201.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Refer to Test Method C 201 for a statement of preci-sion and bias.FIG. 1 Arrangement of Refractory Fiber-Pap
33、er Strips inCalorimeter AssemblageC 182 88 (2004)211. Keywords11.1 calorimeter; insulating firebrick; refractories; thermalconductivityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this stand
34、ard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andi
35、f not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, wh
36、ich you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
37、United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Heating Chamber TemperatureGroupNumber
38、Bulk Density NotGreater Than,Recommended Temperatures for Control Points, F (C)lb/ft3g/cm3Low Medium High16 34 0.54 900 (480) . . . 1600 (870)20 40 0.64 900 (480) 1400 (760) 2000 (1095)24 48 0.77 900 (480) 1500 (815) 2300 (1260)26 54 0.86 900 (480) 1650 (900) 2600 (1425)28 60 0.96 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)30 68 1.09 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)32 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)33 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)C 182 88 (2004)3
