1、Designation: C 301 04Standard Test Methods forVitrified Clay Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 301; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the equipment for, and thetechniques of, testing vitrifie
3、d clay pipe prior to installation.Tests using whole pipe determines the resistance to crushingand hydrostatic forces. Tests using pipe fragments measure theamount of water absorption of the pipe body and the quantityof acid-soluble material that may be extracted from it.1.2 The values stated in inch
4、-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values stated in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth p
5、ractices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1The following standards also apply to clay pipe and can bereferenced for further information: Practice C12and Test Method C 828;Specifications C 425 and C 700.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C12 Practice
6、for Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe LinesC 425 Specification for Compression Joints for VitrifiedClay Pipe and FittingsC 700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength,Standard Strength, and PerforatedC 828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of VitrifiedClay Pipe LinesC 896 Terminology
7、Relating to Clay ProductsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,refer to Terminology E6and Terminology C 896.4. Significance and Use4.1 Meaning and SuitabilityThe tests called for herein,from th
8、eir results, indicate the suitability and acceptability ofvitrified clay pipe for specifications acceptance, design pur-poses, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research.5. Bearing Strength5.1 Test Specimens:5.1.1 The test specimens shall be sound, full-size pipe andshall be selected b
9、y the purchaser, or his representative, atpoints he designates when placing the order.5.1.2 The number of specimens to be tested shall not exceed0.5 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished, except thatno less than two specimens shall be tested.5.2 Measurement and Inspection of Specimens:5.2.1
10、 The specimens shall be free of all visible moisture andfrost. These specimens shall be inspected and measured forconformance with the applicable specifications. The results ofthese observations shall be recorded.5.2.2 Specimens that are observed to have defects in excessof the limits permitted in t
11、he applicable specifications shall bediscarded and replaced with additional specimens from the lotto be tested.5.3 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 1):5.3.1 Testing Machine:5.3.1.1 The loading apparatus shall consist of a testingmachine capable of applying loads, with upper and lowerbearings capable of t
12、ransmitting these loads to the pipe. Thebearings shall be bearing beams and contact edges.5.3.1.2 Any motor driven testing machine that is capable ofapplying a load at a uniform rate of 2000 6 500 lbf/minlinearft (29.2 6 7.3 kN/minlinear m) of pipe length, shall be usedfor making the test.5.3.1.3 Th
13、e load may be applied at a rapid rate until 50 % ofthe required bearing strength is reached. Subsequently, the loadshall be applied to the pipe at a uniform rate of 2000 6 5001These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility o
14、f Subcommittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and Specifications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 301 98 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custom
15、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.lbf/minlinear ft (29.2 6 7.3 kN/minli
16、near m) of pipe lengthwithout vibration or shock.5.3.1.4 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so thatthe load distribution will not be appreciably affected by thedeformation or yielding of any part. The machine and bearingsshall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical planethrou
17、gh the longitudinal axes of the bearings and pipe. Thebearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive anduniformly transmit the loads required in the tests, withoutvibration or shock. The upper bearing shall be free to rotate ina vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the bearing
18、 andthe pipe.5.3.2 Bearing BeamsBearing beams shall not deflectmore than a 14 by 8-in. (355 by 205-mm), 53-lb/linear ft(73-kg/linear m), wide flange beam as specified by the Ameri-can Institute of Steel Construction. Under no circumstancesshall the deflection in inches or millimetres under maximumlo
19、ad exceed that given by the ratio L/720 in which L is thebeam length in inches or millimetres. The length of the bearingbeams shall be no less than the full length of the outside barrelof the pipe. Built-up bearing beams may be used, providedtheir deflection does not exceed that specified. In order
20、for thebell or socket of the pipe to clear the bearing beams, it isrecommended that the bearing beams be faced with a metal orhardwood member for affixing the contact edges.5.3.3 Three-Edge Bearings:5.3.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall consist of an upper mem-ber, comprised of a bearing beam on which o
21、ne contact edge islocated so that it lies in the vertical plane passing through thelongitudinal axis of the pipe; and a lower member comprised ofa bearing beam on which two contact edges are symmetricallylocated parallel to that vertical plane.5.3.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber strips
22、alone, or hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets. Contactedges shall uniformly contact the outside barrel of the pipe.FIG. 1 Three-Edge Bearing Testing (see 5.3.4 for Segmented Testing)C3010425.3.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shall bespaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/
23、m) of pipe diam-eter, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm).5.3.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the uppercontact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. Inthe case of rubber contact edges, positioning strips shall notexceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and
24、mayremain in place.5.3.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shallbe cut or formed from material having a Shore A, instanta-neous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The strips shallbe of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in. (51-mm) width,and a thickness not less than 1 in. (2
25、5 mm) nor more than 112in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be used with the 2-in.(51-mm) dimension in contact with the bearing beam. Rubbercontact edges may be attached to the bearing beam by anadhesive, provided the contact edge remains firmly fixed inposition.5.3.3.6 If hardwood strips with plast
26、er of paris fillets areused as contact edges, the strips shall be straight, and have across section not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in either direction. Thebottom contact edges shall have vertical sides, with the interiortop corners having a radius of approximately12 in. (13 mm).The contact edges shall
27、be securely fastened to the beams.5.3.3.7 Plaster of paris fillets shall be cast on hardwoodcontact edges to provide uniform bearing contact on the pipebarrel. Fillets shall be cast on the two lower contact edges andon the upper contact edge, along the pipe crown. Sufficientexcess plaster shall be r
28、emoved from between the two lowercontact edges to eliminate the possibility of a single continuouslower contact. The pipe and contact edges shall be joined whilethe plaster of paris is still workable. Testing shall be performedonly after the fillets have set.5.3.4 Segmented Bearings (Alternative to
29、Three-EdgeBearing)This apparatus shall consist of segmented upper andlower bearing members with the segments of each memberconnected to a common hydraulic manifold to provide uniformload along the length of the barrel. The segmented bearingsshall be of uniform length with the number of segments equa
30、lto the nominal length of the test pipe measured in feet. Theyshall be adjustable to accommodate the length variation al-lowed in the pipe specification. In no instance shall the lengthof the segmented bearing be greater than the external length ofthe barrel of the pipe. Rubber contact edges conform
31、ing to5.3.3.5 shall be attached to the bearing segments.5.4 Bearing Tests (see Fig. 1):5.4.1 Test pipe for bearing strength in accordance with thethree-edge bearing or segmented method. Use either of thespecified bearing methods on retests as provided in theapplicable specifications.5.4.2 For tests
32、using rigid bearing beams, multiple loadingrams may be used. Each ram must have the same load range,connected by a common hydraulic system, and spaced abovethe top bearing beam to deliver a uniformly distributed load. Intesting pipe that is not straight, place it between the bearings inthe position
33、that most nearly gives uniform loading on the pipe.5.4.3 The loading of the pipe shall be a continuous opera-tion. Do not allow the pipe to stand under load longer than isrequired to apply the load and record the observations.5.4.4 The loading shall be stopped after the requiredstrength has been met
34、.5.4.5 For further evaluation or quality assurance, the load-ing may be continued to the point of pipe failure.5.4.6 Record the maximum load sustained by the specimen.5.5 Calculation and Report:5.5.1 Calculate the bearing strength by dividing the appliedload by the inside length of the barrel. The l
35、ength shall be theaverage of two measurements taken at points 180 (3.1 rad)apart. Report the individual results of the tests of pipe of eachsize or lot.6. Absorption6.1 Test Specimens:6.1.1 Absorption specimens shall be sound pieces of the fullthickness of the barrel of the pipe, with all edges brok
36、en. Eachspecimen shall be as nearly square as possible, with the area onone barrel surface not less than twelve times the wall thickness,expressed as square units. They shall be free of observablecracks or shattered edges and shall not contain laminations andfissures more than is typical of the pipe
37、 from which thespecimens were taken.6.1.2 Each specimen shall be marked so that it may beidentified with the lot of pipe from which it was taken. Themarkings shall be applied so that the pigment used shall covernot more than 1 % of the area of the specimen.6.1.3 Test at least one specimen from each
38、size of pipe.6.2 Weighing ApparatusThe balance used shall be sensi-tive to 0.5 g when loaded with 1 kg, and weighings shall bemade to at least the nearest 1 g. If other than metric weights areused, the same degree of accuracy shall be observed.6.3 Procedure:6.3.1 Dry the specimen at least8hinaventil
39、ated oven at atemperature between 230 and 248F (110 and 120C), andmake successive weighings at intervals of not less than 3 huntil the loss at any weighing is not greater than 0.1 % of theoriginal weight of the specimen.6.3.2 Suspend the dried specimens in distilled, rain, or tapwater that is known
40、to have no effect on test results; heat toboiling; boil for 5 h, and then cool in the water to ambienttemperature. Take care that no fragments are broken from thespecimens by physical disturbance during the test. When cool,remove the specimens from the water, and drain for not morethan 1 min. Then r
41、emove the superficial moisture by a dampcloth and weigh the specimens immediately.6.4 Calculation and Report:6.4.1 Calculate the absorption of each specimen as percent-age of the initial dry weight as follows:Absorption, % 5 SW 2 DW!/DW 3 100 (1)where:DW = initial dry weight of specimen, andSW = wei
42、ght of specimen after boiling 5 h.6.4.2 Report the result for each specimen, together with theaverages for the pipe of each size and shipment.C3010437. Hydrostatic Pressure Test7.1 When the pipe is subjected to an internal hydrostaticpressure of 10 psi (69 kPa) for the elapsed time shown in thefollo
43、wing table, there shall be no leakage on the exterior of thepipe. At the option of the manufacturer, water within approxi-mately 5F (3C) of the ambient air temperature may beintroduced into the pipe for control of condensation. Moistureappearing on the surface of the pipe in the form of beadsadherin
44、g to the surface shall not be considered leakage.However, moisture which starts to run on the pipe shall beconstrued as leakage regardless of quantity.Testing Time for PipesThickness of Barrel,in. (mm)Test Time,minUp to and including 1 (25) 7Over 1 (25) and including 112 (38) 9Over 112 (38) and incl
45、uding 2 (51) 12Over 2 (51) and including 212 (64) 15Over 212 (64) and including 3 (76) 18Over 3 (76) 218. Acid Resistance8.1 Determine the acid resistance of clay pipe by theextraction of acid-soluble matter.8.2 ReagentWhen testing with sulfuric (H2SO4), hydro-chloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3), or acetic
46、 acid (CH3COOH), asspecified by the purchaser, a 1 N acid solution shall be used.NOTE 2These 1 N solutions should contain, respectively, 49, 36.5, 63,and 60 g of the acid per litre of solution. For the purpose of these tests thesolutions can be prepared by taking the following volumes of acid anddil
47、uting to 1 L; H2SO4(sp gr 1.84), 28.5 mL; HCl (sp gr 1.19), 88.9 mL;HNO3(sp gr 1.42), 65 mL; and glacial acetic acid (sp gr 1.05), 57.7 mL.8.3 Test Specimens:8.3.1 The specimens for acid resistance tests shall be about2 in. (51 mm) square, and weigh not more than 200 g. Theyshall be sound pieces wit
48、h all edges freshly broken, free ofcracks or shattered edges, and shall be thoroughly cleaned.8.3.2 Test at least one specimen from each size of pipe.8.4 Weighing ApparatusThe balance used in weighing thespecimens shall be sensitive to 0.01 g when loaded with 200 g.8.5 Procedure:8.5.1 Dry the specim
49、ens to constant weight at a temperaturenot less than 230F (110C).8.5.2 Suspend the dried specimens in the acid at a tempera-ture between 70 and 90F (21 and 32C) for a period of 48 h,then remove them from the solution and thoroughly wash withhot water, allowing the washings to run into the solution inwhich the specimen was immersed. Filter the solution andwash the filter with hot water, adding the washings to thefiltrate. Add 5 mL of H2SO4(sp gr 1.84) to the filtrate. Thenevaporate the solution (avoid loss by spattering) to about 5 mL,transfer to a porcel
