1、Designation: C301 18Standard Test Methods forVitrified Clay Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C301; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、 the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the equipment for, and thetechniques of, testing vitrif
3、ied clay pipe prior to installation.Tests using whole pipe determines the resistance to crushingand hydrostatic forces. Tests using pipe fragments measure theamount of water absorption of the pipe body and the quantityof acid-soluble material that may be extracted from it.NOTE 1The following standar
4、ds also apply to clay pipe and can bereferenced for further information: Practice C12 and Test Method C828;Specifications C425 and C700.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided f
5、or information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the a
6、pplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued
7、by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C12 Practice for Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe LinesC425 Specification for Compression Joints for Vitrified ClayPipe and FittingsC700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra St
8、rength,Standard Strength, and PerforatedC828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of VitrifiedClay Pipe LinesC896 Terminology Relating to Clay ProductsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,refe
9、r to Terminology E6 and Terminology C896.4. Significance and Use4.1 Meaning and SuitabilityThe tests called for herein,from their results, indicate the suitability and acceptability ofvitrified clay pipe for specifications acceptance, designpurposes, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and r
10、e-search.5. Bearing Strength5.1 Test Specimens:5.1.1 The test specimens shall be sound, full-size pipe andshall be selected by the purchaser, or his representative, atpoints he designates when placing the order.5.1.2 The number of specimens to be tested shall not exceed0.5 % of the number of pipe of
11、 each size furnished, except thatno less than two specimens shall be tested.5.2 Measurement and Inspection of Specimens:5.2.1 The specimens shall be free of all visible moisture andfrost. These specimens shall be inspected and measured forconformance with the applicable specifications. The results o
12、fthese observations shall be recorded.5.2.2 Specimens that are observed to have defects in excessof the limits permitted in the applicable specifications shall bediscarded and replaced with additional specimens from the lotto be tested.5.3 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 1):5.3.1 Testing Machine:5.3.1.1
13、 The loading apparatus shall consist of a testingmachine capable of applying loads, with upper and lowerbearings capable of transmitting these loads to the pipe. Thebearings shall be bearing beams and contact edges.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay
14、 Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and Specifications.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C301 13. DOI:10.1520/C0301-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
15、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
17、Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.3.1.2 Any motor driven testing machine that is capable ofapplying a load at a uniform rate of 2000 6 500 lbf/minlinearft (29.2 6 7.3 kN/minlinear m) of pipe length, shall be usedfor making the test.5.3.1.3 The load may be applied at a rapid rate until 50 % ofthe
18、required bearing strength is reached. Subsequently, the loadshall be applied to the pipe at a uniform rate of 2000 6 500lbf/minlinear ft (29.2 6 7.3 kN/minlinear m) of pipe lengthwithout vibration or shock.5.3.1.4 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so thatthe load distribution will not
19、be appreciably affected by thedeformation or yielding of any part. The machine and bearingsshall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical planethrough the longitudinal axes of the bearings and pipe. Thebearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive anduniformly transmit the load
20、s required in the tests, withoutvibration or shock. The upper bearing shall be free to rotate ina vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the bearing andthe pipe.5.3.2 Bearing BeamsBearing beams shall not deflect morethan a 14 by 8-in. (355 by 205-mm), 53-lb/linear ft (73-kg/linear m), wide
21、flange beam as specified by the AmericanInstitute of Steel Construction. Under no circumstances shallthe deflection in inches or millimetres under maximum loadexceed that given by the ratio L/720 in which L is the beamlength in inches or millimetres. The length of the bearingbeams shall be no less t
22、han the full length of the outside barrelof the pipe. Built-up bearing beams may be used, providedtheir deflection does not exceed that specified. In order for thebell or socket of the pipe to clear the bearing beams, it isrecommended that the bearing beams be faced with a metal orhardwood member fo
23、r affixing the contact edges.FIG. 1 Three-Edge Bearing Testing (see 5.3.4 for Segmented Testing)C301 1825.3.3 Three-Edge Bearings:5.3.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall consist of an uppermember, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contactedge is located so that it lies in the vertical plane passing
24、through the longitudinal axis of the pipe; and a lower membercomprised of a bearing beam on which two contact edges aresymmetrically located parallel to that vertical plane.5.3.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber strips.Contact edges shall uniformly contact the outside barrel of thepipe.5.
25、3.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shall bespaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/m) of pipediameter, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm).5.3.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the uppercontact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. Inthe case of rubber con
26、tact edges, positioning strips shall notexceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and mayremain in place.5.3.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shallbe cut or formed from material having a Shore A,instantaneous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. Thestrips shall be of
27、 rectangular cross section, having a 2-in.(51-mm) width, and a thickness not less than 1 in. (25 mm) normore than 112 in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be usedwith the 2-in. (51-mm) dimension in contact with the bearingbeam. Rubber contact edges may be attached to the bearingbeam by an adhesive,
28、provided the contact edge remains firmlyfixed in position.5.3.4 Segmented Bearings (Alternative to Three-EdgeBearing)This apparatus shall consist of segmented upper andlower bearing members with the segments of each memberconnected to a common hydraulic manifold to provide uniformload along the leng
29、th of the barrel. The segmented bearingsshall be of uniform length with the number of segments equalto the nominal length of the test pipe measured in feet. Theyshall be adjustable to accommodate the length variation al-lowed in the pipe specification. In no instance shall the lengthof the segmented
30、 bearing be greater than the external length ofthe barrel of the pipe. Rubber contact edges conforming to5.3.3.5 shall be attached to the bearing segments.5.4 Bearing Tests (see Fig. 1):5.4.1 Test pipe for bearing strength in accordance with thethree-edge bearing or segmented method. Use either of t
31、hespecified bearing methods on retests as provided in theapplicable specifications.5.4.2 For tests using rigid bearing beams, multiple loadingrams may be used. Each ram must have the same load range,connected by a common hydraulic system, and spaced abovethe top bearing beam to deliver a uniformly d
32、istributed load.5.4.2.1 Using a straight edge, locate the most uniformbearing surface for testing. Using this location, place the pipebearing surfaces to achieve uniform loading.5.4.2.2 The resultant load from the hydraulic cylinder orcylinders shall be applied equidistant from each end asmeasured i
33、nside the barrel of the pipe as shown in Fig. 1.5.4.3 The loading of the pipe shall be a continuous opera-tion. Do not allow the pipe to stand under load longer than isrequired to apply the load and record the observations.5.4.4 The loading shall be stopped after the requiredstrength has been met.5.
34、4.5 For further evaluation or quality assurance, the load-ing may be continued to the point of pipe failure.5.4.6 Record the maximum load sustained by the specimen.5.5 Calculation and Report:5.5.1 Calculate the bearing strength by dividing the appliedload by the inside length of the barrel. The leng
35、th shall be theaverage of two measurements taken at points 180 (3.1 rad)apart. Report the individual results of the tests of pipe of eachsize or lot.6. Absorption6.1 Test Specimens:6.1.1 Absorption specimens shall be sound pieces of the fullthickness of the barrel of the pipe, with all edges broken.
36、 Eachspecimen shall be as nearly square as possible, with the area onone barrel surface not less than twelve times the wall thickness,expressed as square units. They shall be free of observablecracks or shattered edges and shall not contain laminations andfissures more than is typical of the pipe fr
37、om which thespecimens were taken.6.1.2 Each specimen shall be marked so that it may beidentified with the lot of pipe from which it was taken. Themarkings shall be applied so that the pigment used shall covernot more than 1 % of the area of the specimen.6.1.3 Test at least one specimen from each siz
38、e of pipe.6.2 Weighing ApparatusThe balance used shall be sensi-tive to 0.5 g when loaded with 1 kg, and weighings shall bemade to at least the nearest 1 g. If other than metric weights areused, the same degree of accuracy shall be observed.6.3 Procedure:6.3.1 Dry the specimen at least8hinaventilate
39、d oven at atemperature between 230 and 248F (110 and 120C), andmake successive weighings at intervals of not less than 3 huntil the loss at any weighing is not greater than 0.1 % of theoriginal weight of the specimen.6.3.2 Suspend the dried specimens in distilled, rain, or tapwater that is known to
40、have no effect on test results; heat toboiling; boil for 5 h, and then cool in the water to ambienttemperature. Take care that no fragments are broken from thespecimens by physical disturbance during the test. When cool,remove the specimens from the water, and drain for not morethan 1 min. Then remo
41、ve the superficial moisture by a dampcloth and weigh the specimens immediately.6.4 Calculation and Report:6.4.1 Calculate the absorption of each specimen as percent-age of the initial dry weight as follows:Absorption, % 5 SW 2 DW!/DW# 3100 (1)where:DW = initial dry weight of specimen, andSW = weight
42、 of specimen after boiling 5 h.6.4.2 Report the result for each specimen, together with theaverages for the pipe of each size and shipment.C301 1837. Hydrostatic Pressure Test7.1 When the pipe is subjected to an internal hydrostaticpressure of 10 psi (69 kPa) for the elapsed time shown in thefollowi
43、ng table, there shall be no leakage on the exterior of thepipe. At the option of the manufacturer, water within approxi-mately 5F (3C) of the ambient air temperature may beintroduced into the pipe for control of condensation. Moistureappearing on the surface of the pipe in the form of beadsadhering
44、to the surface shall not be considered leakage.However, moisture which starts to run on the pipe shall beconstrued as leakage regardless of quantity.Testing Time for PipesThickness of Barrel,in. (mm)Test Time,minUp to and including 1 (25) 7Over 1 (25) and including 112 (38) 9Over 112 (38) and includ
45、ing 2 (51) 12Over 2 (51) and including 212 (64) 15Over 212 (64) and including 3 (76) 18Over 3 (76) 218. Acid Resistance8.1 Determine the acid resistance of clay pipe by theextraction of acid-soluble matter.8.2 ReagentWhen testing with sulfuric (H2SO4), hydro-chloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3), or acetic a
46、cid (CH3COOH), asspecified by the purchaser, a 1 N acid solution shall be used.NOTE 2These 1 N solutions should contain, respectively, 49, 36.5, 63,and 60 g of the acid per litre of solution. For the purpose of these tests thesolutions can be prepared by taking the following volumes of acid anddilut
47、ing to 1 L; H2SO4(sp gr 1.84), 28.5 mL; HCl (sp gr 1.19), 88.9 mL;HNO3(sp gr 1.42), 65 mL; and glacial acetic acid (sp gr 1.05), 57.7 mL.8.3 Test Specimens:8.3.1 The specimens for acid resistance tests shall be about2 in. (51 mm) square, and weigh not more than 200 g. Theyshall be sound pieces with
48、all edges freshly broken, free ofcracks or shattered edges, and shall be thoroughly cleaned.8.4 Weighing ApparatusThe balance used in weighing thespecimens shall be sensitive to 0.01 g when loaded with 200 g.8.5 Procedure:8.5.1 Dry the specimens to constant weight at a temperaturenot less than 230F
49、(110C).8.5.2 Suspend the dried specimens in the acid at a tempera-ture between 70 and 90F (21 and 32C) for a period of 48 h,then remove them from the solution and thoroughly wash withhot water, allowing the washings to run into the solution inwhich the specimen was immersed. Filter the solution andwash the filter with hot water, adding the washings to thefiltrate. Add 5 mL of H2SO4(sp gr 1.84) to the filtrate. Thenevaporate the solution (avoid loss by spattering) to about 5 mL,transfer to a porcelain crucible (previously ignited to constantweight), and
