1、Designation: C 371 09Standard Test Method forWire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particlesize distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such as alu-mina, silic
3、a, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc,titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves.1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containingagglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved toremove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates beforeperforming the test. This
4、technique is not applicable to mate-rials that are, to any degree, water soluble.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units, or are other customary units(in the case of sieve frame diameter and siev
5、e number), that areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and de
6、termine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware ClaysE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Significance and Use3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out to determine the pa
7、rticlesize distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualifythose materials as to their usefulness in the process underconsideration. Since particle size analyses have only relativesignificance, the results should be considered only where theycorrelate with process characteristics. The par
8、ameter that isbeing measured in this test is the amount of material that willpass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. Itmust be remembered that all the holes are not square, noruniform in size, and the question of whether a given particlewill go through is a statistical one. Since
9、each particle sizeanalysis method measures a unique physical parameter, theresults from one method may not agree with those fromanother. Particle size distributions play a role in such propertiesas bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Careshould be taken, however, when interpretati
10、ons are made fromone or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.05 g.4.2 Sieves, clean, unblinded, 205 mm (8 in.) in diameter,and conforming to Specification E11.At all times they shall becertified by, or shall be calibrated with sieves certif
11、ied by, theNational Institute of Standards and Technology. For wet-sieving, use full-height 50-mm (2-in.) sieves; these sieves andpan may be used for dry-sieving also. Half-height 25-mm(1-in.) sieves and pan shall be used for dry-sieving only. Thesieves to be used may range from 45 m (No. 325) throu
12、gh 212m (No. 70).4.3 Drying Pans, about 205 mm (8 in.) in diameter and 25or 50 mm (1 or 2 in.) high.4.4 DryerFor drying, the use of an oven maintainedautomatically at 100 to 110C is recommended.4.5 Mechanical Shaking DeviceThe shaking device shallbe such as to produce a lateral and vertical motion o
13、f the sieve,accompanied by a jarring action so as to keep the samplemoving continuously over the surface of the sieve.4.6 In wet-sieving, the water should be slightly above roomtemperature (for example, a hot-cold mixer tap) and should besupplied by means of a fixed or hand-held spray.5. Sampling5.1
14、 Unit for SamplingEach carload shall be considered aunit for sampling.5.2 Gross Sample (See Practice C 322)In collecting thegross sample from a carload shipped in bags, select a numberof bags equivalent to not less than 1 % of the total number ofbags in the car. Bags taken for sampling shall be from
15、 locationsevenly distributed, horizontally and vertically, throughout thecar. The gross sample shall consist of equal increments of notless than 227 g (0.5 lbs) from each of the bags taken for1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and i
16、s the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.04 on Raw Materials.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 371 89 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
17、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
18、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sampling. In collecting the gross sample from a carloadshipped in bulk, take equal increments of not less than 227 geach from points well distributed both horizontally and verti-cally.5.3 Test SampleObtain the test sample, of not less than110 g, by mixing the gro
19、ss sample and then riffling or handquartering. Dry the entire test sample in an oven at 100 to110C to constant weight. Take a 100-g (Note 1) specimenweighed to the nearest 0.1 g shall be taken for sieve analysis.NOTE 1Alternatively, if less than 50 % passes the finest sieve, use a50-g specimen.6. Pr
20、ocedure6.1 Transfer the 100-g specimen to glazed paper and pro-ceed to 6.5, except as noted in 6.2.6.2 Alumina, talc, pyrophillite, other nonfree-flowing ma-terials, and those materials containing agglomerates require apreliminary wet sieving. Place the 100-g specimen into a glassbeaker. Add 200 g o
21、f distilled water together with a suitabledispersion agent (Note 2) and stir the suspension with a roduntil complete dispersion is obtained (Note 3). Pour thesuspension onto the finest sieve to be used. Wash any residuein the beaker onto the sieve with a wash bottle.NOTE 2One suitable dispersion age
22、nt is 0.1 % sodium pyrophos-phate. A 0.1 % sodium hexametaphosphate should be used for alumina.NOTE 3Dispersion aids, such as ultrasonic vibration and high shearmixers (food blenders) may be necessary to eliminate agglomerates. Caremust be taken that undesirable grinding does not take place.6.3 Whil
23、e agitating, thoroughly wash the sieve under thesprayer head, the flow being sufficiently gentle to avoidsplashing. Sieving is complete when no more material passes.Determine this by catching the washings and examining for thesolids.6.4 When sieving is complete, pass a sponge over theunderside of th
24、e sieve-cloth to draw out as much of the wateras possible. Rinse the retained solids with acetone, to speed updrying, and dry off any excess with a sponge. Do thisthoroughly to avoid dangerous levels of acetone in the oven.Dry the sieve and specimen thoroughly at 100 to 110C andthen brush onto glaze
25、d paper.6.5 Assemble all the sieves to be used in the test with thecoarsest sieve on top and the others under it in order ofdecreasing sieve opening size. Transfer the specimen from theglazed paper to the top or coarsest sieve and shake the entireseries of sieves. It is recommended that this agitati
26、on be donemechanically. For hand-sieving, hold the nest of sieves, withpan and cover attached, in one hand and gently strike the sideabout 150 times/min against the palm of the other hand. Theside of sieves next to the striking hand should be slightly higherthan the other side so that sample will be
27、 well distributed oversieves. Turn the sieve-nest every 25 strokes about one sixth ofa revolution in the same direction. With either mechanical orhand agitation, the agitation should continue to the point wherenot more than 0.05 g passes a given sieve in 1 min.6.6 Separate the nested sieves and care
28、fully remove theresidue from each and weigh to the nearest 0.1 g. Theseweights in grams will equal the percent of residue on eachsieve (if a 100-g specimen was used).7. Calculation and Report7.1 Calculate and report the cumulative percent passing, orthe residue on each sieve, as required, to the nea
29、rest wholepercent.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in TestMethod C 371 for measuring particle size is being determined.8.2 BiasThe true value of the particle size can only bedefined in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, thismethod has no known bias.9. Key
30、words9.1 alumina; particle size distribution; sieve analysis; silica;wet-sievingSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C37189 (2003) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Addition of 1.3 describing the use of units
31、 in this testmethod, with renumbering of the subsequent sections of theScope.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validi
32、ty of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your commen
33、ts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have no
34、t received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C371092
