1、Designation: C 43 07Standard Terminology ofStructural Clay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 43; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology contains terms and definitions of termsassociated with the standards specific to masonry units androofing tile manufactured by firing clay and s
3、hale raw materi-als.1.2 The definitions and definitions of terms in this terminol-ogy pertain to Specifications C 32, C 34, C 56, C 62, C 126,C 212, C 216, C 279, C 410, C 652, C 902, C 1088, C 1167,C 1261, C 1272, C 1405, and Test Methods C67.1.3 Generic terminology for masonry is found in Terminol
4、-ogy C 1232. Terminology C 1232 also applies to masonry unitsmanufactured by firing clay and shale raw materials.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C32 Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (MadeFrom Clay or Shale)C34 Specification for Structural Clay Load-Bearing WallTileC56 Specificati
5、on for Structural Clay Nonloadbearing TileC62 Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry UnitsMade From Clay or Shale)C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC 126 Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural ClayFacing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry UnitsC
6、212 Specification for Structural Clay Facing TileC 216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry UnitsMade from Clay or Shale)C 279 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry UnitsC 410 Specification for Industrial Floor BrickC 652 Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow MasonryUnits Made From
7、Clay or Shale)C 902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC 1088 Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units MadeFrom Clay or ShaleC 1167 Specification for Clay Roof TilesC 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1261 Specification for Firebox Brick for Residential Fire-placesC 1272 Specifica
8、tion for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickC 1405 Specification for Glazed Brick (Single Fired, BrickUnits)3. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:RAW MATERIALSclay, nan earthy or stony mineral aggregate consistingessentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic whensufficiently pulverized and wetted,
9、 rigid when dry, andvitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.fire clay, na sedimentary clay of low flux content.reactive particulates, na particle or particles present in aclay body, which when near the surface may flake off orcause an eruption (pop-outs) of the surface when exposed to
10、the weather.shale, na thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary claywith well-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.surface clay, nan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occur-ring on the surface.MANUFACTUREbody colorthe range of color obtained when materials usedto form the brick react to the e
11、ffects of firing temperature andatmosphere.DISCUSSIONThere may be additives in the body to produce a desiredcolor. When no materials are added to the surface of the brick and theunit is not flashed when fired, the body color is also the through-bodycolor, a surface feature.cells/core holes, ncontinu
12、ous openings or perforationswithin extruded clay products.DISCUSSIONThe extent of permissible openings is specified for eachproduct as the percentage of gross area in the normal bedding surfaceplane that must be net (solid) area. Core hole is generally used for brickwhile cell is used for structural
13、 tile. Cells are distinguished from coreholes by being larger in size.As an illustration, cells must be larger than1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.08 on Terminology.Current edition appr
14、oved Dec. 15, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 43 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
15、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1 in.2(645 mm2) under Specification C34, and 112 in.2(968
16、mm2)under Specification C 652.coring, vthe process of perforating structural clay products,generally performed during extrusion by supporting cores(rods) within the shaping cap of the extruder.extrusion, nshaping of brick by pushing plastic clay or shalethrough a die opening that forms the periphera
17、l dimensionsof the brick.DISCUSSIONThe column of extrudate is then cut into sections toprovide the third dimension of the brick. Water is added to the clay orshale in sufficient quantities to permit laminar flow through theextrusion machine. The consistency of the extrudate may vary from stiffand ca
18、pable of supporting several times its weight to soft anddeformable under slight loads.fired bond, nbond developed between particulate constitu-ents of brick solely as the result of the firing process.DISCUSSIONThe bond may result from fusion or melting of one ormore constituents of the composition o
19、r the surface of particles. Otherthermal mechanisms such as sintering and interparticle reaction may beresponsible for the bond.The higher the heat treatment, the greater the extent of bonding andconsequently the greater the developed strength and the lower theresulting porosity. The bond developmen
20、t should be sufficient toprovide the specified strength, porosity, and durability for any particularproduct.firing, vprocess of heating the material to elevated tempera-tures.DISCUSSIONThe temperatures are usually in excess of 1706F(930C). The extent of firing is a function of both time and temperat
21、ure.The firing develops the inter-particulate bond, the strengths, the porestructure, and the color of the product. The extent of firing should besufficient to produce the levels of these properties required by thespecifications for the particular product.incipient fusion, nbeginning of the developm
22、ent of firedbond.molding, vshaping of brick by dropping, throwing, orvibrating wet clay or shale in a mold cavity shaped toprovide the peripheral dimensions of the brick.DISCUSSIONSufficient water is mixed with the clay or shale toproduce a soft consistency.When insides of molds are sanded to preven
23、t sticking of clay, theproduct is sand-struck brick. When the molds are wetted to preventsticking, the product is water-struck brick.pressing, vshaping of brick by pressing clay or shale into amold cavity which forms the peripheral dimensions of thebrick.DISCUSSIONDifferent subclassifications of pre
24、ssing are defined bythe quantity of water mixed with the clay or shale.Dry pressing uses high forming pressures and low water contentsusually between 0 and 5 %.Plastic pressing uses low pressures and sufficient water to produce aplastic mixture.Semi-dry pressing uses intermediate pressures and water
25、 quantitiesnominally between 5 and 14 %.struck surface, nthe surface of a molded brick that is not incontact with the mold and from which the excess clay/shalemixture is removed.webs, nthe partitions dividing tile or hollow brick into cells.PRODUCT PROPERTIESabsorption, nweight of water picked up by
26、 a clay masonryunit during immersion at prescribed conditions expressed inrelation to the dry weight of the unit.DISCUSSIONTwo conditions of immersion are designated in stan-dards relating to brick: 24 h in room temperature (6086F(15.530C) water or5hinboiling water. (Different time intervals arespec
27、ified for structural tile and other products.) The resulting absorp-tions are termed cold water absorption and boiling water absorption.Absorption values are used in brick and tile standards as one factorin classifying these products into durability grades. Absorptions areindicators of the extent of
28、 firing during manufacture as well as beingindicators of durability.impervious, adjdescribes the state of having obtained thatdegree of vitrification evidenced visually by resistance topenetration of a specified dye.initial rate of absorption, na measure of the suction ofwater upward into a dry bric
29、k from a bed face during oneminute of exposure.DISCUSSIONInitial rate of absorption (IRA) is a distinct propertythat offers different information from absorption. It is expressed asgrams of water picked up in one minute by a net area of 30 in.2(194cm2).Initial rate of absorption is one factor influe
30、ncing the quality of bondbetween brick and mortar. It is used in brick standards to recommendconstruction practices for enhancing mortar to brick bonding.SURFACE FEATUREScoated finish, nthe surface feature resulting when mineralparticles are applied to the column in the extrusion processto impart co
31、lor, texture, opacity, or other bed finish, nthe texture resulting when faces are alteredby more or less parallel scratches or scarfs in manufacture.engobe, na slip, other than a glaze, that is not imperviousand is applied as a coating to a ceramic body to function asa glaze undercoat or to impart c
32、olor, texture, opacity, or othercharacteristics.flashed finish, nthe range of color produced by the presenceof a reduced oxygen atmosphere in the kiln during firing.glaze, nan impervious finish composed of ceramic materials,fused during firing with the body of brick or tile, which is asemivitreous o
33、r vitreous surface and may be clear, white, orcolored.plaster-base finish, nthe texture intended for the directapplication of plaster.DISCUSSIONPlaster-base finishes may be smooth, scored, combed,or roughened.roughened finish, nthe texture resulting when die surfacesare broken by mechanical means, s
34、uch as wire cutting orwire brushing.salt glaze, nthe color and texture resulting when faces havea lustrous glazed finish from the thermochemical reaction ofthe silicates of the clay body with vapors of salt orchemicals.C43072sand finish, nthe color and texture resulting when faces havesand applied e
35、ither to the clay column in the extrusionprocess for appearance purposes or as the lubricant to themolds in the molding process.slip, na suspension of clay and mineral particles in a watermedium applied as a coating or finish to a ceramic body that,when fired, may function as a glaze or an engobe.sm
36、ooth finish, nthe texture resulting when faces are notaltered or marked in the extrusion process, but are left asformed by the die.through-body color, nthe range of surface color obtainedwhen units without materials added to the surfaces forappearance purposes are fired without flashing.DISCUSSIONTh
37、rough-body color results from the materials used toform the brick reacting to the effects of firing temperature. There maybe additives in the body to produce a desired color.BRICKacid-resistant brick, nbrick suitable for use in contact withchemicals, usually in conjunction with acid-resistant mor-ta
38、rs; see Specification C 279.brick, na solid or hollow masonry unit of clay or shale,usually formed into a rectangular prism, then burned or firedin a kiln; brick is a ceramic product.building brick, nbrick for load-resisting or other purposeswhere appearance properties such as texture or color are n
39、otimportant (formerly called common brick); see SpecificationC62and Specification C 652.facing brick, nbrick for general purposes where appearanceproperties such as color, texture, and chippage are important;see Specification C 216 and Specification C 652.DISCUSSIONFacing brick are produced from sel
40、ected clays and areavailable in typical face sizes, various colors, and in various textures.floor brick, nbrick with physical properties related toresistance to chemicals, thermal and mechanical shock, orabsorption, or combinations of these, used as finished floorsurfaces in industrial applications;
41、 see Specification C 410.paving brick, nbrick made to provide the wearing surface ofhighways, streets, driveways, walkways, patios, and similarapplications; see Specifications C 902 and C 1272.sewer brick, nlow absorption, abrasive-resistant brick in-tended for use in drainage structures; see Specif
42、ication C32.specially-shaped brick, na brick manufactured to a basicshape of other than a rectangular prism.STRUCTURAL CLAY TILEend-construction tile, ntile designed to receive its compres-sive stress parallel to the axes of the cells.fireproofing tile, ntile for use as a protection for structuralme
43、mbers against fire.furring tile, ntile for lining the inside of walls and carryingno superimposed loads.header tile, ntile designed to provide recesses for brickheader units in masonry faced walls.loadbearing tile, ntile for use in masonry constructionsdesigned to carry superimposed loads; see Speci
44、ficationC34.nonloadbearing tile, ntile for use in masonry constructionscarrying no superimposed loads; see Specification C56.partition tile, ntile for use in building interior partitions,subdividing areas into rooms, or similar constructions, andcarrying no superimposed loads.side-construction tile,
45、 ntile designed to receive its compres-sive stress at right angles to the axes of the cells.structural clay facing tile, ntile designed for use in interiorand exterior unplastered walls, partitions or columns; seeSpecification C 212.structural clay tile, nhollow burned-clay masonry buildingunits wit
46、h parallel cells or cores or both.CLAY ROOF TILEbatten lugs, nprotrusions on the underside of tile designedto engage over the upper edge of tiling battens.clay roof tile, na solid unit of clay or shale, or both, formedinto any of a range of generally rectangular planar shapeswhile plastic and fired
47、in kiln; see Specification C 1167.DISCUSSIONClay roof tile is a ceramic product.head lap, n(1) the distance between the lower (nose) edge ofan overlapping tile and the upper edge of the lapped unit inthe course immediately below; (2) for shingle tile onlythedistance between the lower (nose) edge of
48、an overlappingshingle tile and the upper edge of the lapped unit in thesecond course below.DISCUSSIONThe head lap and side lap specified with a particular tileform the basis for determining area coverage of the specific design andthe computation of the number of units required to cover a given areao
49、f roof. Tile is specified and sold on the basis of number of unitsrequired to cover one roofing square, that is, 100 ft.2(9.29 m2) of roof.high profile tile, ntile having a rise to width ratio greaterthan 1:4.hip and ridge tile, ntile designed for application to the hipor ridge of a roof.interlocking tile, ntile with a system of ribs or groovesenabling the lateral joining of adjacent tiles in the samecourse with the overlocking edge of one tile covering theunderlocking edge of another form
