1、Designation: C441/C441M 11Standard Test Method forEffectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag inPreventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to theAlkali-Silica Reaction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C441/C441M; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determinatio
3、n of the effec-tiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessiveexpansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkaliesin portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on theexpansion developed in mortar bars by a combination ofportland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with react
4、iveaggregates (borosilicate glass), during storage under prescribedconditions of test.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently
5、 of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
6、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate Combi
7、nations (Mortar-Bar Method)C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
8、3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology C125.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method may be used as a preliminary orscreening test to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a numberof different materials being considered for use to prev
9、entexcessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.4.2 This test method may also be used to evaluate materialsproposed for use on a particular job to prevent excessiveexpansion due to alkali-silica reaction, by testing in thequantity and in combination with the cement or cements to beused on the j
10、ob.4.3 This test method does not assess the suitability ofpozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials shouldcomply with Specification C618, Specification C989 or Speci-fication C1240.5. Apparatus5.1 The apparatus shall be as described in Test MethodC227.6. Materials6.1 Borosilicate Glass3
11、 Borosilicate glass granulesgraded according to Table 1 or crushed Pyrex Glass No. 7740cullet or solid glass rod crushed and graded according to Table1. After the glass cullet or rod has been crushed and separatedinto the various sieve sizes, wash with a water spray over thesieve to remove adhering
12、dust and fine particles from theaggregate. Dry the portions retained on the various sieves and,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.26 on Chemical Reactions.Current edition approved Oc
13、t. 15, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C441/C441M05.DOI: 10.1520/C0441_C0441M11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
14、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The sole source of supply of borosilicate glass granules in the specific sizescalled for in this test method known to the committee at this time is VSI Products,LLC, Nampa, ID, 83651; phone: 208-468-9949; http:/
15、 If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.C
16、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.unless used immediately, store each such portion individuallyin a clean container provided with a tight-fitting cover.6.2 High-Alkali CementFor the preparation of mortar barsfor the preli
17、minary or screening tests, use a blend of cement orcements that conform to Specification C150 and containbetween 0.95 and 1.05 % total alkalies as sodium oxide (Na2O)calculated as % Na2O + 0.658 3 % potassium oxide (K2O). Ifblending is needed, introduce the individual cements into thebatch separatel
18、y.7. Proportioning and Consistency of Mortar7.1 Control MixtureThe quantities of dry materials for thecontrol mixture shall be 400 g of high-alkali cement and 900 gof glass aggregate made by recombining the portions retainedon the various sieves in the prescribed grading (Table 1). Testspecimens mad
19、e from the control mixture shall have a 14-dayincrease in length of at least 0.250 %.7.2 Test Mixture Using PozzolansThe quantities of drymaterials for the test mixture shall be 300 g of high-alkalicement, a mass of pozzolan having an absolute volume equal tothe absolute volume of 100 g of portland
20、cement (100 3 den-sity of pozzolan/3.15) and 900 g of glass aggregate made asdescribed for the control mixture.7.3 Test Mixture Using SlagThe quantities of dry materi-als for this test mixture shall be 200 g of high-alkali cement, amass of slag having an absolute volume of 200 g of portlandcement (2
21、00 3 density of slag/3.15) and 900 g of glass made inaccordance with 7.1.7.4 A smaller quantity of the pozzolan or slag and aproportionately large quantity of cement may be used if thereis evidence that it is unusually effective in reducing expansiondue to the alkali-silica reaction and that the use
22、 of a smallerquantity is likely to produce a large reduction of expansion ofthe test mixture as compared to that of the control mixture.7.5 Job MixtureThe quantities of dry materials used forthe job mixture shall be in accordance with the requirementsgiven above, except that the cement or cements to
23、 be used onthe job shall be used instead of the high-alkali cement. Also,the quantity of pozzolan or slag, by mass, used with theportland cement shall be equivalent to that proposed for use onthe job.7.6 FlowThe amount of mixing water, measured in mil-lilitres, shall be such as to produce a flow of
24、between 100 and115 as determined in accordance with Test Method C1437.8. Temperature and Humidity8.1 The temperature of the dry materials, water, moldingroom, and moist cabinet and the humidity of the laboratory andmoist cabinet shall conform to the requirements of Test MethodC227.9. Test Specimen9.
25、1 Preparation of MoldsPrepare the molds as specifiedin Test Method C227.9.2 Mixing of MortarMix the mortar as specified in TestMethod C227, except add the admixture or slag with thecement to the water.9.3 Molding Test SpecimensMold the specimens as speci-fied in Test Method C227.9.4 Dimensions and N
26、umber of Test SpecimensMakethree 1 by 1 by 1114-in. or 25 by 25 by 285-mm testspecimens having an effective gage length of 10 6 0.1 in. or254 6 2.5 mm from each batch of each mortar mixture. Oneset of three specimens shall represent each test mixture or eachjob mixture. On the same day that the test
27、 specimens are made,make one set of three specimens representing the controlmixture and store in the same container with the correspondingtest specimens. Make all specimens stored in a given containeron the same day. If more specimens from test or job mixtures,or both, are made on a given day than c
28、an be stored in a singlecontainer with the specimens from the control mixture made onthat day, make additional control mixture specimens for eachadditional storage container used.10. Procedure10.1 Store and measure the test specimens in accordancewith the applicable requirements of Test Method C227.
29、11. Calculation11.1 For tests of mixtures proportioned as prescribed, cal-culate the reduction of mortar expansion resulting from the useof a pozzolan or slag and report the result to the nearest 0.1 %as follows.Re5Er2 Et!3100/Erwhere:Re= reduction of mortar expansion, %,Et= average increase in leng
30、th of mortar bars from the testmixture, andEr= average increase in length of mortar bars from thecontrol mixture.11.2 For test mixtures proportioned in accordance with thejob mixture procedure, report the average length increase of themortar bars as the length increase of the combination proposedfor
31、 use in the work. Indicate contraction (length decrease) byprefixing a minus sign to the value of the length changereported.12. Interpretation12.1 Information pertaining to this procedure and to thesignificance of the results obtained has been published4,5,6,74Moran, W. T., and Gilliland, J. L., “Su
32、mmary of Methods for DeterminingPozzolanic Activity,” Symposium on Use of Pozzolanic Materials in Mortars andConcretes, ASTM STP 99, ASTM International, 1950, p. 109.5Gilliland, J. L., and Bartley, T. R., “Water-Solubility of Alkalies in PortlandCement,” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, A
33、merican Concrete Institute,Vol 47, 1951, p. 153 (especially Fig. number 2 and Table number 3).6Mielenz, R. C., Greene, K. T., Benton, E. J., and Geier, F. H., “Chemical Testfor Alkali Reactivity of Pozzolans,” Proceedings, ASTM International, Vol 52,1952, p. 1128.TABLE 1 Grading RequirementsSieve Si
34、zeMass, %Passing Retained on4.75-mm (No. 4) 2.36-mm (No. 8) 102.36-mm (No. 8) 1.18-mm (No. 16) 251.18-mm (No. 16) 600-m (No. 30) 25600-m (No. 30) 300-m (No. 50) 25300-m (No. 50) 150-m (No. 100) 15C441/C441M 112and should be reviewed before results of the test are used as abasis for conclusions and r
35、ecommendations concerning theproperties and use of pozzolans, or slag combinations forconcrete.12.2 Minimum values for the reduction of mortar expansion(Re) have been selected for use in specifications as a basis foracceptance of pozzolan or slag proposed for use in combinationwith high-alkali cemen
36、t and an aggregate known to be poten-tially deleteriously alkali reactive.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Type and source of glass used.13.1.2 The type of portland cement used and its total alkalicontent as Na2O in percent. If the test is applied to acement-pozzolan or cement-
37、slag combination to be used inspecific work, the type, brand, and manufacturing plant of thecement.13.1.3 The type and proportion of pozzolan or slag used. Ifthe test is applied to a cement-pozzolan or cement-slagcombination to be used in specific work, the type, brand,source, proportion, and the na
38、ture of the pozzolan or slag.13.1.4 If the control mixture and the test mixture areprepared as specified, the average increase in length of themortar bars prepared from the control mixture and the averageincrease in length of the mortar bars from the test mixture, inpercent. Also, the reduction in m
39、ortar length change resultingfrom the use of the pozzolan or slag (Re), in percent.13.1.5 The average increase in length of the mortar barsprepared from the job mixtures, in percent.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionRepeatability shall be considered satisfac-tory if the percentage length increase
40、of each specimen madefrom the same cement-aggregate combination is within 0.003of the average, except that, if the average length increaseexceeds 0.02 %, the repeatability shall be considered satisfac-tory if the percentage length increase of each specimen moldedfrom the same cement-aggregate combin
41、ation is within 15 %of the average.14.2 BiasThis procedure has no bias because the effec-tiveness is defined in terms of this test method.15. Keywords15.1 alkali-silica reaction; concrete; expansion; fly ash;ground blast-furnace slag; mortar; pozzolan; silica fumeSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09 has
42、identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,C441/C441M05, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved October 15, 2011)(1) Revised Footnote 3 with new contact information. (2) Revised the standard as a dual units test method.ASTM International take
43、s no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own res
44、ponsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be address
45、ed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the
46、 address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (pho
47、ne), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).7Pepper, L., and Mather, B., “Effectiveness of MineralAdmixtures in PreventingExcessive Expansion of Concrete Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction,” Proceedings,ASTM International, Vol 59, 1959, p. 11781203.C441/C441M 113
